国外关键矿产战略研究进展及其启示

近年来,世界各国都将经济发展的重心向战略性新兴产业转移,为保障战略性新兴产业的发展而引发的资源安全保障问题随之而来。一些研究机构和组织纷纷开展关键矿产研究,厘定了关键矿产清单,并提出有针对性的保障措施。然而,目前国内对于关键矿产的研究才刚刚起步,对新兴产业所需矿产的研究偏少,关键矿产定量化研究的方法和指标体系总体以跟踪国外研究为主。系统地剖析了国外主要研究机构的关键矿产评价理论、模型和指标体系,总结了国外关键矿产的基本特征,并结合国内实际提出了加强部门协作、打通产业数据链、开展中国关键矿产评价理论和模型的研究、提高关键矿产供应风险治理的研究等对策建议。     

The Key Layout of UK Marine Science and Technology Plans and Some Implications for China

In this paper, we have analysed the major marine research strategies, programs and projects and the overall layout on marine research of the United Kingdom in recent years and found several characteristics: The United Kingdom increased emphasis on the national top-level design of marine research; The marine research infrastructures of the United Kingdom will be given long-term support in the future; Priority areas on marine research in the future will be determine and identified according to the national science and technology status and national needs of national economy; The United Kingdom will focus on ocean acidification, marine renewable energy development and coastal hazards research in the future. Then we gave out some recommendations on our courtry’ development on marine science and technology: Establishing a long-term national marine science and technology strategic plan; strengthening the investment in the important marine research infrastructure; setting several reasonable research priorities according to China’s national strategic needs.     

长江经济带主要城市群2h出行交通圈格局特征

城市群作为城镇化高级阶段区域社会经济发展和参与国际竞争的主要空间载体,良好的交通通达性是其高质量发展的必要条件。以《交通强国建设纲要》提出的城市群2h通达目标为研究视角,以长江经济带3个国家级城市群为研究对象,选取加权平均出行时间作为测度指标并引入场强和引力模型,对比分析3个城市群所有城市与中心城市两个层级2h出行交通圈格局特征。研究发现：① 3个城市群出行交通圈均表现为从中心向外围地区呈现出由低到高连续扩大的“圈层式”空间格局特征,且长三角和成渝城市群分别形成了“>”字型和“十”字型2h出行廊道,但长江中游城市群尚未形成2h出行廊道。② 城市群中心城市2h出行交通圈的空间分布受区位条件影响较大,越接近区域几何中心则2h出行交通圈覆盖范围越大,而影响腹地受中心城市综合规模的作用明显,3个城市群各中心城市2h出行交通圈和影响腹地的空间分异显著。③ 不同城市群中心城市2h出行交通圈衔接联系水平差异显著,表现出多元的圈层叠加的经济联系格局。④ 高密度高速公路路网在提高城市群中心城市2h出行交通圈衔接联系水平中发挥重要作用,按衔接联系模式特征可将各城市群总结为多中心网络型、多中心组团型与双中心轴辐型。     

“双碳”目标下全域土地综合整治的学理研究与实践路径

全域土地综合整治作为优化乡村国土空间的重要实践活动,既是人为土地利用的重要碳源之一,也对缓解土地利用碳排放具有积极作用。为解析其与“双碳”目标的互馈机制与耦合关系,剖析其对实现“双碳”目标的贡献作用,提出全域土地综合整治碳效应的学理研究问题与实践应用路径。结果表明：① 与传统土地整治相比,全域土地综合整治具有更强的战略性、综合性和系统性,作为面向全要素全空间的土地实践活动,其价值导向和实践方式更多元,与“双碳”目标联系更密切,固碳减排可操作性更强;② 基于文献计量研究发现,面向“双碳”目标的全域土地综合整治应在碳效应影响因素解析、碳核算体系构建、空间布局优化等方面开展学理研究和关键问题探索;③ 研究提出了综合规划引领、工程建设和建后管护的实践应用路径,全域土地综合整治通过调整技术方法体系、优化规划编制和实施等各环节,对实现“双碳”目标具有重要推动作用。研究为面向“双碳”目标的全域土地综合整治提供理论研究视角和实践参考,为全域土地综合整治助力“双碳”目标实现提供借鉴。     

建设海洋强国的政治学解释——基于注意力配置的分析

基于注意力政治学的领导人注意力分析框架,对自2012年以来建设海洋强国这一国家级海洋战略的启动和实施进行分析,探讨建设海洋强国的作用机制。文章提出：1）领导人与政府有限的注意力是国际体系结构变化与国家行为产生之间的中介变量。2）国际局势变化、地方政府竞争、突发事件刺激和以往的从政经历是建设海洋强国的触发因素,驱使领导人和政府的注意力发生转移。3）领导人通过讲话、批示、视察等活动推动政策实施,这是测量领导人及政府对于建设海洋强国的注意力依据。注意力对建设海洋强国的作用机制体现在：1）国家海洋战略重置后,领导人与政府的注意力继续作用于新海洋战略的实施过程;2）领导人通过自身一系列的活动,如视察、批示,加快海洋战略的运行;3）通过设立高级别机构,高位推动建设海洋强国;4）通过国家媒体对海洋事务的持续议程设置,固定公众和社会注意力。上述作用机制有效地引导并锁定了中国对海洋事务的关注方向与重点,改变了传统中国“重陆轻海”的战略文化与社会认知。     

中国流动人口多阶段流动的空间格局及变动特征——基于初次流动和当前流动的对比

基于2017年全国流动人口动态监测数据,运用描述统计和社区发现等方法,研究流动人口在初次流动和当前流动的空间格局及其变动特征。结果发现：1）从区域差异看,流动人口初次流动和当前流动的流出地格局保持相对稳定,流入地格局的变化主要体现在：在当前流动阶段,流入中部地区的比例下降而西部地区比例上升;流入特大城市的比例明显下降而I型大城市、中等城市和I型小城市的比例上升;流向直辖市和计划单列市的比例上升而流向副省级和省会城市的比例下降。2）从行政地级市间净迁移格局看,流动人口初次和当前流动的净迁移格局稳定性强,净迁入地区以“块状”分布于东部沿海省份的发达地市和“点状”分布于中西部省会及部分资源型和口岸型地市,净迁出地区连片分布在中西部地区的大多数地市与沿海省份的内陆地市。3）流动人口初次和当前流动以就近迁移与远程迁移交织的流迁模式为主,且由此刻画的行政地级市间迁移网络格局呈现以“胡焕庸线”为界的“东密西疏”现象;但也出现在当前流动阶段迁往京津冀的迁移流规模降低,长三角取代珠三角成为流入地首选区域的特征。4）流动人口生计策略的稳定性与人口迁移流动的空间惯性,是流动人口初次和当前流动空间格局表现出相似性的主要原因,而产业结构转型升级及在不同地市间的梯度转移是促使流动人口在流入地选择上发生变化的重要力量。     

低频时码信号正交解调技术研究

采用正交叠加和正交采样技术，提出了更大程度上数字化的低频时码信号正交解调的设计方案。同时，分析了这种解调方法的虚假抑制和抗镜像干扰能力。分析表明所论述的解调技术易于实现数字化，且成本低廉，具有一定的实用价值。     

Centrifuge modelling of landslides and landslide hazard mitigation: A review

Landslides are serious geohazards that occur under a variety of climatic conditions and can cause many casualties and significant economic losses. Centrifuge modelling, as a representative type of physical modelling, provides a realistic simulation of the stress level in a small-scale model and has been applied over the last 50 years to develop a better understanding of landslides. With recent developments in this technology, the application of centrifuge modelling in landslide science has significantly increased. Here, we present an overview of physical models that can capture landslide processes during centrifuge modelling. This review focuses on (i) the experimental principles and considerations, (ii) landslide models subjected to various triggering factors, including centrifugal acceleration, rainfall, earthquakes, water level changes, thawing permafrost, excavation, external loading and miscellaneous conditions, and (iii) different methods for mitigating landslides modelled in centrifuge, such as the application of nails, piles, geotextiles, vegetation, etc. The behaviors of all the centrifuge models are discussed, with emphasis on the deformation and failure mechanisms and experimental techniques. Based on this review, we provide a best-practice methodology for preparing a centrifuge landslide test and propose further efforts in terms of the seven aspects of model materials, testing design and equipment, measurement methods, scaling laws, full-scale test applications, landslide early warning, and 3D modelling to better understand the complex behaviour of landslides.     

岩溶关键带水文地球化学研究进展

岩溶关键带处于岩石、水、土壤、大气、生物五圈交汇地带。正确认识岩溶关键带的结构、特点及其水文地球化学过程是当前地球关键带与岩溶水科学研究的重点问题。本文基于对国内外相关研究成果的归纳整理,剖析了岩溶关键带水文地球化学内涵、岩溶关键带水动力垂向分带、岩溶关键带框架下的水文地球化学过程与机制, 探寻变化环境下岩溶关键带水文地球化学过程演变的规律与驱动机制。指出了当前研究中存在的薄弱环节:目前工作仅停留在传统岩溶地下水科学工作范畴,未从岩溶关键带框架体系的角度考虑植物冠层至岩溶含水层之间水文地球化学过程及其耦合关系,未考虑新污染物持续输入、地球大数据科学工程深入实施、全球碳排放路径逐渐改变等时代因素对岩溶水文地球化学研究的潜在影响。进一步的研究可以从以下方面开展:基于岩溶关键带框架体系的新污染物水文地球化学研究,基于大数据框架体系的岩溶水文地球化学研究,“双碳战略”下的岩溶水文地球化学研究,岩溶关键带水文地球化学驱动的物质转化与能量迁移过程及其耦合以及高分辨率监测、评估与模拟手段的综合应用。     

Getting the right age? Testing luminescence dating of both quartz and feldspars against independent age controls

When luminescence dating was being developed much scientific effort was invested in showing it could achieve the correct ages, but this is now not routinely carried out for established protocols. This paper focussed on known age deposits from two case studies to explore whether correct ages were achieved. Case study 1 used the Storegga tsunami deposit dated to 8.2 ka sampled both horizontally and vertically and measured with OSL, IRSL and pIRIR. All results, for both quartz and feldspars, returned the correct age for the horizontal sample. Results from the vertical sample were more problematic with issues attributed to ongoing feldspar contamination of quartz and to beta heterogeneity. To agree with the independent age control single aliquot results required combination of >400 palaeodose replicates and in the case of IRSL the use of minimum age models. Measurements of feldspars at the single grain level using pIRIR measurements showed much improvement. Case study 2 used a barchan dune on the Tibet Plateau, China known to have been in position ∼10 years. Both quartz and feldspars returned young ages close to the true age, but the feldspar ages with brighter luminescence signal were more accurate once the luminescence signal to background ratio was optimised. On the basis of this study we advise against sampling vertically. We also recommend measuring feldspars with single grain pIRIR where possible, measuring >150 palaeodose replicates per sample and choosing feldspars rather than quartz for very young samples.