一种新型简易自动采水浮标系统的研制和试用

本文首先介绍了研制自动采水浮标的目的意义及其结构、工作原理、主要性能，其次通过几次试用条件及结果的讨论，说明这种自动采水浮标结构简单，操作方便，获取的资料可靠，是研究大风浪条件下悬沙运移的一种新型简易的理想仪器，最后根据实用情况提出了改进和完善的方向。     

A New Video Controlled, Hydraulically Damped Corer for Sediment/Water Interaction Studies

A new box-corer is described. Placement and penetration of the box-corer is video-assisted to secure a sample representative of the bottom. The box itself is constructed of fully transparent polycarbonate which allows for video control observation of the sediment/water interface during sampling. The box is open during the descent towards the seabed but closes when the release is triggered. The box-corer is hydraulically damped so that the box after landing is very gently pushed into the seabed to a predetermined depth. A sediment sample with a total length of about 35 cm and with a surface area of 400 cm 2 (20.0 x 20.0 cm) is collected in the box together with the near bottom water to a height of about 10 cm above the bed. The box-corer height is 180 cm and the total weight about 200 kg. The legs can be dismounted which makes transportation easy. The box-corer has been operated with success both in coarse sand and in soft silt and clay dominated sediments.     

Testing unbaited stygofauna traps for sampling performance

Unbaited phreatic traps are a promising new method for sampling subterranean limnofauna. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether such trap systems are suitable to gather representative samples of the physico-chemical parameters and the invertebrate fauna of the aquifer. Fifteen traps, installed in five groundwater bores, and four traps located in the hyporheic zone, were sampled twice monthly over a 1 year period (June 2003–June 2004). Water samples were removed in three separated fractions (hose, trap and aquifer water), analysed for physico-chemical and faunal characteristics and compared with one another. The study was carried out in the Nakdong River floodplain, Korea. Physico-chemical characteristics of trap and aquifer were similar, but differed greatly from the hose samples. Abundances of fauna inside the traps were higher than in the aquifer, whereas there were no differences in taxonomic composition of the trap and aquifer samples. Biases of abundances suspected due to the use of traps were negligible in the groundwater, though it is recommended that comparisons between groundwater and hyporheic abundances ascertained by traps be handled cautiously.     

Monitoring the sea change: preliminary assessment of the conservation value of nearshore reefs, and existing impacts, in a high-growth, coastal region of subtropical eastern Australia

In northern NSW, Australia, coastal populations are forecast to increase dramatically over the next 25 years (the "sea change"). However, management of the effects of development on marine communities is hampered by the lack of data on key habitats. Consequently, we developed a protocol to assess the biodiversity and current human impacts on nearshore reefs, habitats that will be readily affected by coastal development. We assessed four reefs adjacent to each of three population centres targeting fish, mollusc and sessile benthic communities, and debris loads. Community structure was highly variable over all spatial scales indicating that reefs should not be considered equivalent within the planning framework. While, debris loads were relatively low on most reefs, those with highest conservation value also had the highest debris loads suggesting potential conflict between human use and long-term sustainability of reefal communities. Without intervention, this situation will be exacerbated in the future.     

样线法在北方基岩性海岛植被调查中的应用效果评价 ——以北长山岛为例

植被是海岛生态系统的重要组成部分。由于海岛陆地环境与大陆的差异性,现有的陆域植被调查方法不能完全适用于海岛植被。亟须结合现有成熟的陆地植被调查方法,选取不同类型的海岛,对调查方法中的关键环节进行实地测试,积累数据进行统计分析,以得到适用于海岛特殊地理环境海岛植被调查技术方法。文章针对植被调查中的样线法,以北长山岛两种不同面积的调查区域为例,对比分析不同样线设置方法,明确在该岛屿何种坡向、坡位,何种类型植物群落中设置样线,以及设置多长的样线才能够较为完整地代表该调查区域的植物物种丰富度,同时降低大量的调查时间,最终确定最优的海岛样线设置原则,为海岛植被群落调查中样线的有效选择提供科学依据。     

增长模叠加方式及其对集合预报初始扰动的影响

用增长模繁殖法(BGM)有效地构造集合预报初始扰动的一个前提是, 任两个扰动之间应尽可能的发散.本文从增长模发展和饱和的角度分析了增长模叠加方式与集合预报初始扰动"取样性"的关系, 无论是从扰动形势演变得出的定性结论还是定量计算的结果都显示: 在相同初始模的情况下, 通过改变扰动叠加方式分别构造多个扰动样本的做法是近似等效的.用这种方法增加的集合样本从"取样性"的角度来看是没有多大意义的, 更多的是在浪费有限的计算资源.构造多个初值的有效方法应该是从不同初始模出发进行增长模的繁殖.     

基于FTP协议的地震数据共享技术研究

随着互联网技术的广泛应用, 为地震数据共享提供了必要的外部条件, 但是怎样提供优质的地震数据共享方案一直是地震观测技术的一个研究课题。 文中研究了一种基于FTP协议的地震数据共享方案, 该方案不仅可以提供传统的数据下载、 上载功能, 而且还可以根据用户需求, 提供采样率变换、 数据格式转换等服务, 可以方便地为地震数据用户提供服务, 从而使地震数据得到更加广泛的共享应用。 该文重点介绍了该基于FTP协议的数据共享技术的模型设计和实现。     

MARCO POLO: near earth object sample return mission

MARCO POLO is a joint European–Japanese sample return mission to a Near-Earth Object. This Euro-Asian mission will go to a primitive Near-Earth Object (NEO), which we anticipate will contain primitive materials without any known meteorite analogue, scientifically characterize it at multiple scales, and bring samples back to Earth for detailed scientific investigation. Small bodies, as primitive leftover building blocks of the Solar System formation process, offer important clues to the chemical mixture from which the planets formed some 4.6 billion years ago. Current exobiological scenarios for the origin of Life invoke an exogenous delivery of organic matter to the early Earth: it has been proposed that primitive bodies could have brought these complex organic molecules capable of triggering the pre-biotic synthesis of biochemical compounds. Moreover, collisions of NEOs with the Earth pose a finite hazard to life. For all these reasons, the exploration of such objects is particularly interesting and urgent. The scientific objectives of MARCO POLO will therefore contribute to a better understanding of the origin and evolution of the Solar System, the Earth, and possibly Life itself. Moreover, MARCO POLO provides important information on the volatile-rich (e.g. water) nature of primitive NEOs, which may be particularly important for future space resource utilization as well as providing critical information for the security of Earth. MARCO POLO is a proposal offering several options, leading to great flexibility in the actual implementation. The baseline mission scenario is based on a launch with a Soyuz-type launcher and consists of a Mother Spacecraft (MSC) carrying a possible Lander named SIFNOS, small hoppers, sampling devices, a re-entry capsule and scientific payloads. The MSC leaves Earth orbit, cruises toward the target with ion engines, rendezvous with the target, conducts a global characterization of the target to select a sampling site, and delivers small hoppers (MINERVA type, JAXA) and SIFNOS. The latter, if added, will perform a soft landing, anchor to the target surface, and make various in situ measurements of surface/subsurface materials near the sampling site. Two surface samples will be collected by the MSC using “touch and go” manoeuvres. Two complementary sample collection devices will be used in this phase: one developed by ESA and another provided by JAXA, mounted on a retractable extension arm. After the completion of the sampling and ascent of the MSC, the arm will be retracted to transfer the sample containers into the MSC. The MSC will then make its journey back to Earth and release the re-entry capsule into the Earth’s atmosphere.     

金矿样品分析中相关问题讨论

依据金矿石特性,探讨样品在分析过程中要特别注意的加工、测试取样量、样品焙烧、载体灰化等几个关键问题,认为只有处理好以上几个关键问题才能得到准确、可靠检测结果。     

Simpson’s Paradox in Natural Resource Evaluation

Reversals of statistical relationships, when two or more groups of data in a cross tabulation are aggregated, were first revealed more than a century ago. The reversal was later named Simpson’s paradox after his reversal examples in a seminal paper drew the attention of the statistical community. However, almost all the published cases have been in sociology and biomedical statistics. Does Simpson’s reversal occur in geosciences? Various examples from petroleum geology and reservoir modeling will be shown in this paper. Boundary conditions for such a reversal will be discussed under a broader framework of sampling analysis. Ecological inference bias, change of support problem, modifiable areal unit problem, and reference class problem will be discussed in relation to the Simpson’s paradox in the framework of spatial statistics. It will be demonstrated that the traditional interpretation of the paradox as a result of disproportional sampling based on a contingency table is not always true in the framework of spatial statistics, and the reversal while theoretically benign is inferentially treacherous. Therefore, emphasis will be on the discussion of combining statistical and scientific inferences in geologic modeling and hydrocarbon resource evaluation under various sampling schemes or support effect with or without a Simpson’s reversal.