Gentrification and the suburbanization of poverty: changing urban geographies through boom and bust periods

Many postindustrial cities across Europe and other contexts are marked by growing social–spatial inequalities, housing liberalization, and gentrification, which limit the housing options of low-income households. We investigated changes in the residential moves of different low-income households (working poor, low-to-middle income, and unemployed) in the Amsterdam and Rotterdam urban regions for the time period 2004–2013. We found an overarching trend for the suburbanization of poverty toward the urban peripheries and surrounding regions. While this trend appears to be relatively crisis resistant in the tight Amsterdam housing context, it is more cyclical in Rotterdam and has slowed following the global financial crisis. Low-to-middle income and unemployed households are increasingly moving to the urban regions surrounding cities, particularly to higher density satellite towns. Nevertheless, a growing number of working poor households remain highly urbanized, employing various coping strategies to acquire housing. This paper reveals how the suburbanization of poverty is both a direct process of poor households moving from city to suburb, and a broader indirect process caused by exclusionary mechanisms such as the decreasing accessibility and affordability of inner-urban neighborhoods, which reflect broader changes in the geography and socioeconomic patterning of urban regions.     

Examining the reduction in potable water consumption by households in Catalonia (Spain): Structural and contingent factors

Water consumption by households is influenced by a host of factors, widely investigated in the literature. However, the effects of contingent situations like drought episodes and economic crises, which may strongly restrict direct water use in households, remain less explored, and especially a combination of both. Catalonia, a Mediterranean region, suffered the worst drought episode in the last 75 years in 2007 and 2008, followed immediately by the worst economic crisis also in several decades between 2009 and 2014 (though still fishtailing). Taking it as a case study and using metered water data for the household sector, we propose a generalized linear mixed model in which the influence of both the drought episode and the economic crisis on per capita water consumption by comarques (supra-municipal entities) is assessed using a drought index on one hand, and economic variables and the water price on the other hand. Likewise, demographic, territorial and climatic determinants, as well as environmental behaviour, are also evaluated. The dataset (N = 287) consists of panel data for the forty-one comarques of Catalonia covering the 2007 to 2013 period. Results confirm that the contingent factors analysed have contributed to further reduce per capita water consumption, being significant the drought index and water price. The proportion of elderly people, the household size and the proxy for environmental behaviour, also have a negative effect on consumption; whereas seasonal population has the expected positive effect. However, neither the climatic and economic variables analysed, nor urban density and the proportion of foreign population, are found to be significant. A better understanding of the factors influencing residential water consumption in a context of growing water scarcity and economic downturn may aid policy makers and water managers not only to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of demand-side management measures that affect households, but to address emerging social concerns such as water poverty.     

“Where to put the spare cash?” Subprime urbanization and the geographies of the financial crisis in the Global South

This article investigates the geographies of subprime urbanization, and by extension, the displacement of 2007–08 financial crisis to the Global South. Previous research examined the formative ways that technological innovations enabled mortgages to deterritorialize and circulate on secondary markets. Less is known about how cities with underdeveloped financial systems and housing markets have been impacted. The case of Tangier, Morocco, is used to argue that the geography of the crisis must be understood as a particular mode of urbanization, subprime urbanization, predicated upon the creation and exploitation of housing submarkets into new geographical frontiers. Subprime urbanization emerged in Tangier in response to the historic contradictions of regional disinvestment in northern Morocco. Weak financial inclusion for local low-income homebuyers led State bureaucrats to increasingly use housing policy to encourage European investment into Moroccan property markets, thereby transforming policy away from improving homeownership access and inclusion toward an urban model centered on the logics of international property speculation.     

两种消毒剂对罗氏沼虾幼体的急性毒性试验

以半静水式试验法试验了碘伏制剂和TCCA（三氯异氰脲酸）两种消毒剂对罗氏沼虾各期幼体及仔虾的急性毒性。结果表明,不同发育期的蚤状幼体对消毒剂的耐受力不同。两种消毒剂对蚤状幼体的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为：碘伏制剂304×10-6～472×10-6、209×10-6～325×10-6、29．8×10-6～48．3×10-6,TCCA0．80×10-6～1．03×10-6、0．58×10-6～0．74×10-6、0．087×10-6～0．116×10-6;两种消毒剂对仔虾的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为：碘伏制剂499×10-6、355×10-6、53.6×10-6、TCCA1.19×10-6、0.84×10-6、0．124×10-6。在蚤状幼体阶段,ZⅪ对消毒剂的敏感性最大。     

Probabilistic determination of critical wave height for a multi-degree of freedom capsize model

In this paper a statistical methodology is extended to the nonlinear multi-degree of freedom vessel capsize problem in random seas. It is demonstrated that the study of transient motions, through analysis of the erosion of the vessel's safe basin mapped in the space of initial conditions [Soliman, M.S. Thompson, J., 1991. Transient and steady state analysis of capsize phenomena. Applied Ocean Research 13, 2], leads to significantly less conservative and potentially more accurate predictions of ultimate dynamic stability. The work presented herein pairs this approach with a statistical framework to yield feasible stability criteria.     

国际金融危机空间过程和区域响应的初探——兼论新经济地理事像研究的一个新范式

国际金融危机是地域空间上发生、空间拓展及区域响应过程非常迅速的新经济地理事像,探究其在特定地点发生的机制、区域影响的空间拓展过程、区域受损响应的规律及长期区域对策,是经济地理学的一个新命题。鉴于金融危机事像成因和演变的经济属性强、空间过程和区域响应的经济驱动机理显著,尝试采用"微观经济—宏观经济—区域经济"一个新的研究范式进行探讨。从微观虚拟经济企业对利润的无限追求－宏观虚拟经济与实体经济的价值脱节和政府监控不到位－特定区域金融危机的爆发,发达国家微观企业产业组织－宏观国际产业链分工－金融危机的空间扩散,微观消费者边际效用损失的差异和灾变点的存在－宏观实体经济和虚拟经济对自然资源和人力资本的依赖以及经济的可恢复能力－区域金融危机的差异化响应等方面,初步探讨了金融危机的空间过程,提出了"1元≠1元"的经济地理损失效应判断,据此探讨了差异化的区域响应规律,得出以资源环境为代价换取经济增长、生活相对不富裕的地域在金融危机中受损程度可能更大的初步结论,提出了现代服务业据点式突破在空间结构组织上具有可能的研究假设。最后,就提高经济增长的人力资本贡献度、提升内需的拉动作用等应对全球化风险的长期策略进行了阐释。     

Passive‐roof thrusting in the Messinian Vena del Gesso Basin (Northern Apennines,Italy): constraints from field data and analogue models

We present the results of a study of the Vena del Gesso Basin (Romagna Apennines, Italy) integrating field analyses and analogue modelling. This basin represents one of the best‐preserved top‐thrust basins in the Northern Apennines foreland and is one of the few examples where primary evaporites, related to the Messinian salinity crisis of the Mediterranean, widely crop out. The structural style affecting the Messinian gypsum is examined to get insights into the mechanism responsible for the overall deformation features recognizable in the area. The evaporites are completely detached at the base and widespread back‐thrusts, repeatedly doubling these deposits, strongly contrast with the regional forelandward vergence of structures in the Apennines. On the basis of the comparison between field data and experimental results, the features characterising this area can be described as the result of the deformation linked to the sequential activation of an obliquely propagating passive‐roof duplex. Analogue models evidenced the major role played (1) by syntectonic erosion that promoted the development of passive‐roof duplex style, as well as (2) the role of décollement level pinch‐out that determined an oblique progression of deformation. Finally our data lead to reconsider the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction concerning the onset of the Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国现代化进程中断的危机与我们的对策--论中国矿产资源战略的大调整

中国作为一个世界上最大的发展中国家,它的可持续发展的实质是其现代化进程能否持续下去,进而最终实现现代化。中国的现代化对矿产资源的需求趋势及矿产资源的严重匮乏将导致我国现代化中断的现实,突显出我国矿产资源战略必须实行大的调整这一紧迫的问题,改变目前现行的主要依靠自己的力量,开源节流,利用两个市场、两种资源的保障格局, 向利用国外资源为主兼顾利用国内资源为辅的资源保障战略。本文对国内帮产资源的现状及战     

当前经济形势与大学生就业核心竞争力的培养

立足当前经济环境,分析了毕业生就业面临的机遇和挑战,提出从优化人文素质、强化人格培养,调整培养机制、优化知识结构,强化创业教育、增强创新品质和加强职业规划、整合就业资源等方面提升毕业生就业核心竞争力。     

基于“水—能源—食物—生态”纽带因果关系和贝叶斯网络的锡尔河流域用水分析

跨界流域水资源利用系统因受气候变化、人口增长、政治博弈、生态反馈等许多因素的互馈影响,包含复杂的“水—能源—食物—生态”纽带因果关系,形成具有高度不确定性的复杂非线性系统。传统水资源规划方法中缺少对这种复杂纽带关系的约束,而目前研究这类纽带关系多基于耦合多个模型、集成建模的方法,数据需求大、对复杂因果关系的不确定性模拟能力不足。而贝叶斯网络能以概率分布代替参数确定值来模拟系统中因果关系的不确定性、同时减少数据需求。本文利用贝叶斯概率网络,选取锡尔河流域为研究对象,量化这一因不合理用水而导致咸海生态危机的跨界内陆河流域“水—能源—食物—生态”纽带中的因果关系。结果表明贝叶斯网络能有效地模拟纽带中因果关系的强弱与不确定性,分析1970—2015年间不同时期影响咸海入湖水量的主要因素。为用水预测与流域水资源利用管理提供了系统性认知的基础,并展现出在较低模型复杂度和成本下建模的潜力。苏联时期,咸海入湖水量对农业开发增长的灌溉用水、上游水库建设的蓄水过程和径流量等较敏感;苏联解体后,咸海入湖水量对下游国家不合理使用的灌溉用水及上游水库蓄水量等节点高度敏感。短期内,需提高洗盐与灌溉用水效率,改良种植结构、增加粮食作物占比,并预防干旱危害;长期而言,通过普及先进滴灌技术,能大幅节约农业用水,在50%和80%的滴灌普及率下,新增咸海入湖水量将达到6.4 km ³和9.6 km ³以上,有望逐步缓解咸海生态危机。