Evaporites, petroleum exploration, and the Cenozoic evolution of the Libyan shelf margin, central North Africa

The Mediterranean margin of Libya can be divided into three physiographic provinces, the Pelagian Shelf, the Sirt Embayment, and Offshore Cyrenaica. The petroleum potential of the Pelagian Shelf has been investigated but the Sirt Embayment and Offshore Cyrenaica are almost unexplored. During 2004–2005, new 2D pre-stack time-migrated seismic data were acquired and used to examine the large-scale structural, depositional, and salt tectonic features of the Libyan shelf and slope. The data cover approximately 38,000 line kilometers in water depths ranging from under 50 to over 3000 m.Cenozoic strata along much of the Libyan margin have a demonstrable progradational character punctuated by surfaces of erosion and margin failure. Within the Sirt Embayment the most visible retrogradational surface becomes seismically coincident with the top of Messinian unconformity. This retrogradational surface extends for over 700 km along strike and cuts both sides of the Sirt Embayment. Over 5000 cubic kilometers of material are missing from above this surface. There are two ideas for how retrogradation occurred. One idea relates the retrogradation to margin erosion during the Messinian salinity crisis. The other idea suggests that a large part of the Libyan margin experienced a cataclysmic failure during the late Miocene.Some existing models for offshore Libya have interpreted a widespread layer of halite lying within the Messinian which thickens basinward. This interpretation was probably based on the fact seismic reflection continuity was lost over much of the Sirt Embayment on older data beneath the top Messinian unconformity. The loss of good reflection character adversely affected exploration efforts by obscuring deep structures. Recent seismic data and a current understanding of salt behavior do not support the interpretation of thick halite within the Messinian section. Regional observations do not indicate any mobile halite present in the Sirt Embayment. There is a relatively thin, high amplitude and high velocity layer of non-halite evaporites (mainly anhydrite) which caps the Messinian section. Where this high amplitude and high velocity layer is absent or eroded, seismic continuity within the Messinian interval is restored. Limited available well data support this interpretation.True mobile halite is interpreted to exist in offshore Libya only in the far west of the Pelagian Shelf near the Tunisian border. Beneath the Pelagian Shelf are a series of tight contractional folds that are interpreted to be salt cored. Basins adjacent to the folds display geometries characteristic of salt withdrawal. The fold crests formed bathymetric highs which served as nucleation sites for nummulitic shoal development. These shoals are the principal reservoirs of the Pelagian Shelf.     

资源危机矿山解困思考

从矿产资源勘查的角度，探讨了老矿山的找矿前景和危机矿山接替资源寻找的地质依据与可行性。侧重从老矿山资源拓展、提高资源勘查与综合利用科技水平、矿产资源与矿山企业保护等方面，对矿业城市可持续发展与资源危机矿山解困的主要途径进行了讨论，并提出了一些具体的思路与措施建议。     

危机矿山深部、边部隐伏矿体的三维可视化预测——以安徽铜陵凤凰山矿田为例

以安徽铜陵凤凰山矿田为例.通过综合地质研究,构建了矿体定位预测概念模型.在地质勘探数据和物化探数据集成的基础上,采用三维地质建模技术,对地层、构造、岩浆岩、矿体等地质体进行了推断和圈定,构建了地质体的线框模型与块体模型.基于定位预测概念模型和地质体三维块体模型,通过地质空间定义和立体单元划分,建立了岩体及其表面形态起伏、接触带、地层、褶皱、断层等控矿地质因素的三维栅格场模型.在定量分析控矿地质因素与矿化分布的关系的基础上,建立了反应这种关联关系的矿体立体定量预测模型.预测模型提供矿田深部(-1000m标高以上)所有50m×50m×50m立体单元的铜品位、铜金属量和含矿概率的预测结果.基于预测结果圈定了4个深部找矿立体靶区,为深部找矿工程的设计、布置提供尚未发现的臆伏矿体的位置、品位、金属量等信息的指导.     

中亚五国跨界水资源开发利用与合作及其问题分析

中亚五国跨界河流众多,水资源开发利用问题十分复杂,大规模无序的水土资源开发利用引发的生态问题相当突出,回顾其开发利用中的冲突与合作,对找寻中亚水资源问题的解决之道具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。简要介绍了中亚五国之间主要跨界河流流域河流水系、径流量,阐述主要跨界河流域水资源开发利用,重点分析了各跨界河流取用水量与农业灌溉的演变关系以及中亚五国跨界河流开发利用的水资源危机与生态危机、冲突与合作。在深入揭示中亚五国跨界河流危机主要原因的基础上,对中亚五国跨界河流水资源纠纷和生态危机未来发展趋势进行了分析,探析了中亚五国跨界河流开发利用主要对策。     

国内外战略性矿产厘定理论与方法

进入21世纪以来,矿产资源对人类社会的重要性在增强,矿产资源领域的博弈成为大国竞争的重要阵地,美国出台了危机矿产政策,欧盟出台了危机原材料政策.就战略性矿产问题,国内外学者开展了广泛深入的研究,目前存在两方面问题,一是多数相关研究往往过度重视清单厘定方法和清单中包含哪些矿种,忽视出台相关政策的背景、动因和采取的措施;二是将美国的危机矿产理解为关键矿产,错误判断了美国危机矿产的战略意图.针对这些问题,本文就国外战略性矿产的定位、定义、厘定过程、政策,我国矿产资源形势、我国战略性矿产厘定原则建议、我国战略性矿产厘定的思路建议,以及国内外战略性矿产厘定的共性及差异性,做一些个人的探讨,供矿产资源领域的研究者、管理者参考.     

四川省北川县擂鼓盆地地壳稳定性与城镇选址

5·12汶川地震造成四川多座县城遭受毁灭性破坏,北川县城几乎被地震夷为废墟,因此灾后重建选址成为震后迫切需要开展的工作。野外地质调查和综合分析认为,尽管北川县擂鼓镇所在的擂鼓盆地处于强烈活动构造带,但盆地处于活动断裂的下盘,盆地基底整体性较好,内部断裂不甚发育,是活动构造带中的相对稳定地块,即“安全岛”。这个地区在北川县地震灾后重建中具有重要的利用价值。本文基于野外活动断裂和地震地质灾害调查,运用李四光先生的“安全岛”理论,初步论证了擂鼓盆地的地壳稳定性,并从环境工程地质角度分析了擂鼓盆地的工程地质和水文地质条件,对北川县地震灾后重建规划和灾民安置场地选址具有重要意义。     

The political economy and geopolitical context of India's economic crisis, 1990–91

The Indian economy suffered a balance of payment crisis in 1991, which provided the context for the rolling out of neoliberal policies, also referred to as the New Economic Policy in India. This paper examines the national and global causes and context of India's economic crisis and adoption of neoliberal policies. While grounding my analysis in historical‐geographical materialism, I argue that India's economic crisis was a product of certain contingent conditions. I draw attention to India's pre‐neoliberal economic regime and analyse how the earlier‐established relationship between revenue generation and expenditure ran into trouble; what changes occurred in the organization and management of revenues and capital; nature of interventions of the state in the circulation of capital; changes in the physical aspects of circulation of commodities, together with foreign trade and the formation of the ‘world market’; and the rise of the United States as the only global superpower. I conclude that India's economic crisis of 1990–91, and the neoliberal policies that followed, are products of contingent historical and geographical conditions. A teleological approach towards examining global capitalism and production of economic crisis often neglect such contingencies and provide a set of causalities that may, at best, be classified as incomplete.     

Zarafasaura oceanis, a new elasmosaurid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco and the palaeobiogeography of latest Cretaceous plesiosaurs

Though the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco have yielded very rich marine vertebrate assemblages, plesiosaurs remain very scarce in these strata. The only hitherto recognized taxon was Plesiosaurus mauritanicus Arambourg, 1952, regarded here as a nomem dubium. Here we describe a new genus and species of elasmosaurid plesiosaur, Zarafasaura oceanis, which represents the first valid elasmosaurid plesiosaur described from the latest Cretaceous of Africa, and the second one from this continent. A phylogenetic analysis of plesiosauroids indicates that Zarafasaura oceanis has close affinities with elasmosaurids from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Japan. Among its distinctive suite of characters, the general shape and organisation of its squamosal and palate are unique among elasmosaurids. This new taxon completes our understanding of Late Cretaceous plesiosaur palaeobiodiversity and palaeobiogeography, and shows that Maastrichtian plesiosaurs were characterized by a quite high degree of endemism. They were also highly diversified and distributed worldwide, which supports the hypothesis of a catastrophic extinction of plesiosaurs at the K/T boundary.     

中美应对经济危机的宏观经济政策比较

以美国的大型金融机构纷纷陷入重大危机为标志,美国次贷危机演变成全球金融危机,应对危机所带来的经济萧条,中美两国政府展开了救市计划。比较中美两国的经济政策,中国将救市的希望放在了生产商,企图通过投资的增加来带动经济的增长。而美国政府更倾向于通过挽救金融体系,救助金融机构以刺激消费,来促进经济增长。形成这种差别的原因在于经济结构、金融环境、利率风险程度的不同,经济增长的动力不同以及中美贸易关系的影响。     

网络伦理问题初探

信息时代到来 ,网络对人们的生活方式产生了深刻的影响。通过对网络社会、网络伦理的概念和现象的分析 ,尝试对当前存在的网络伦理危机和网络犯罪等问题进行初步的探讨。