北宋中期耕地面积及其空间分布格局重建(英文)

To understand historical human-induced land cover change and its climatic effects, it is necessary to create historical land use datasets with explicit spatial information. Using the taxes-cropland area and number of families compiled from historical documents, we esti-mated the real cropland area and populations within each Lu (a province-level political region in the Northern Song Dynasty) in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty (AD1004-1085). The es-timations were accomplished through analyzing the contemporary policies of tax, population and agricultural development. Then, we converted the political region-based cropland area to geographically explicit grid cell-based fractional cropland at the cell size of 60 km by 60 km. The conversion was based on calculating cultivation suitability of each grid cell using the topographic slope, altitude and population density as the independent variables. As a result, the total area of cropland within the Northern Song territory in the 1070s was estimated to be about 720 million mu (Chinese area unit, 1 mu = 666.7 m2), of which 40.1% and 59.9% oc-curred in the north and south respectively. The population was estimated to be about 87.2 million, of which 38.7% and 61.3% were in the north and south respectively, and per capita cropland area was about 8.2 mu. The national mean reclamation ratio (i.e. ratio of cropland area to total land area; RRA hereafter for short) was bout 16.6%. The plain areas, such as the North China Plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Guanzhong Plain, plains surrounding the Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake and Sichuan Basin, had a higher RRA, being mostly over 40%; while the hilly and mountainous areas, such as south of Nanling Mountains, the southwest regions (excluding the Chengdu Plain), Loess Plateau and south-east coastal regions, had a lower RRA, being less than 20%. Moreover, RRA varied with topographic slope and altitude. In the areas of low altitude (≤250 m), middle altitude (250-100 m) and high altitude (1000-3500 m), there were 443 million, 215 million and 64 million mu of cropland respectively and their regional mean RRAs were 27.5%, 12.6% and 7.2% respectively. In the areas of flat slope, gentle slope, medium slope and steep slope, there were 116 million, 456 million, 144 million and 2 million mu of cropland respectively and their regional mean RRAs were 34.6%, 20.7%, 8.5% and 2.3% respectively.     

中国中、东部典型样区不同发展水平下土壤与土地利用多样性的对比分析(英文)

Two typical provincial capitals (Nanjing and Zhengzhou) and two counties (Rugao and Yuanyang) in east (Jiangsu Province) and central (Henan Province) China were chosen respectively as the developed and less developed comparative cases for pedodiversity and land use diversity correlative analysis by borrowing the recently better developed pedodiversity methodology. Land use classification was worked out using remote sensing images in three different periods (1986-1988, 2000-2001 and 2004-2006) for these studied case areas before the calculation of the constituent diversity index and spatial distribution diversity index modified after Shannon entropy in 2 km×2 km grid scale of the soil and land use pattern were conducted and then a connection index was proposed to evaluate the relationship between soil and land use diversity. Results show that during the years from 1986 to 2006, the composition and spatial distribution of regional land use pattern had changed greatly. The agricultural land area of all the studied case areas decreased obviously in which Nanjing has the highest decrement of 895.98 km 2 mainly into urban use while the other land use type area changes show the same trend. The connection index of four typical soil family types and typical urban land use types, i.e., urban construction land, transportation land and industrial and mining area all increased in this period. In the studied case areas, there is the highest soil constituent diversity in Zhengzhou at 0.779 while the simplest soil constituent diversity in Rugao at 0.582. Meanwhile we have higher land use diversity in the more urbanized Jiangsu Province than Henan Province, Nanjing is ranking the first that has been getting higher and higher in the three periods at 0.366 in 1986-1988, 0.483 in 2000-2001 and 0.545 in 2004-2006. Finally, the connection index figures to evaluate the relationship between soil and land use diversity of the studied areas were compared to show the similar phenomenon that this figure grows fastest in Nanjing followed by Zhengzhou and other places.     

土地生态安全资源型关键地段识别——以黄河三角洲惠民县为例

资源型关键地段对于维护和控制区域土地生态系统安全具有关键性作用。通过构建一套资源型关键地段识别指标体系,在以行政区为基本识别单元的基础上,识别出行政单元内地类斑块尺度的资源型关键地段。将惠民县划分为6类地域,即关键地段、关键地段保护区、一般地段、干扰地段、干扰区及交汇区,分别占全县总面积的6.39%、19.70%、50.61%、7.93%、15.37%和6.89%。资源型关键地段所占比重小,反映出地区整体生态环境水平较低;一般地段基本以耕地为主,具有随季节交替变化、物种单一、稳定性差等特点;交汇区具有保护需求强烈和受干扰程度明显的双重特性,在现实土地利用与管理过程中需得到高度重视。     

广东省农村居民点整理优先性评价与分区

农村居民点整理优先性评价与分区是编制农村居民点整理规划的一项基础性工作。该文以广东省为研究区域,通过构建农村居民点整理优先性评价指标体系,综合采用层次分析法与熵值法确定指标权重,对广东省20个地市农村居民点整理优先性进行评价与分区。结果表明:广东省农村居民点整理优先性差异显著,优先性指数介于0.1271～0.7770,广州、佛山和中山为优先整理区,珠海、汕头、惠州和东莞为重点整理区,梅州、江门、湛江、茂名、肇庆、潮州和云浮为适度整理区,韶关、河源、汕尾、阳江、清远和揭阳为生态型整理区。最后根据各分区实际情况,提出了相应的整理策略。     

河南省建设用地扩张及其驱动力分析

通过对1996—2008年河南省建设用地扩张及驱动力分析,得出以下结论:1)河南省建设用地扩张十分迅速,尤其是随着中原崛起、中原城市群战略的提出及逐步实施,建设用地扩张速度更快,并且城镇用地、独立工矿用地和交通用地的增加是其重要原因;2)建设用地结构的信息熵指数逐渐增大,土地职能类型逐渐多样化,土地利用结构趋于均衡,并且建设用地的效益也在不断提高;3)建设用地扩张与经济增长、工业化、人口增长、城镇化以及由此而引发的基建需求具有很强的相关性;4)与全国和其他区域相比,驱动河南省建设用地扩张的主要力量具有特殊性,快速城镇化进程以及经济社会发展引发的基础设施需求是建设用地扩张的主要驱动力,而经济增长、人口增长及工业化是建设用地扩张的一般驱动力;5)经济发展水平高和城镇化进程快的中原城市群地区,特别是郑州、洛阳、新乡、焦作等地市是建设用地扩张的主要空间。     

模拟区域土地利用变化的多主体模型及其在鄱阳湖区的应用(英文)

在较大区域内,城市用地扩张和农村土地利用发展一般同步进行。为了能够正确理解这类区域内土地利用/土地覆被变化的动力机制,本研究开发了一个基于多主体系统的土地利用模型。模型将鄱阳湖区视为一个典型区域,利用有限扩散聚合算法模拟城市主体的行为,采用基于涌现理论的主体模型模拟农村土地利用。农村子模型包括多种类型的主体和环境影响层,其中最重要的是农户主体,农户主体可以根据自身条件和周围的环境影响参数确定下一步土地利用的决策,政府主体则通过实施不同的政策对土地利用进行宏观控制。我们根据农户总收入和外出务工人员比例将农户主体分为6类,每种类型的农户主体遵循不同的决策规则。结果表明,本模型的模拟结果与鄱阳湖区1985 – 2005年的土地利用/土地覆被变化趋势高度相符。尤其重要的是,模拟结果充分表明农户主体的土地利用决策与国家政策紧密相关。这表明本研究建立的基于多主体的土地利用模型是一种评估政府土地管理政策效果的有效手段。     

Books,Places, Regions—A Natural Blend

Abstract

Children love books, and through carefully chosen ones geographic concepts can be conveyed. Books are good resources—great background material for describing a place, emphasizing the culture of a region, highlighting a geographical issue, or clarifying where a place is in the world. This article explains how literature encourages geographic thinking, builds geographic skills, and develops lasting mental maps of places and regions.     

空间尺度上推方法的精度评价——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟土地利用数据为例

不同的空间尺度上推方法会导致不同程度的信息丢失、信息歪曲等后果;但目前少有研究在较长的尺度序列上、对不同尺度上推方法所得成果开展精度分析。本研究首先提出尺度上推方法精度评价的三个准则,即:保持土地类型构成特征、保持土地面积精度、保持土地空间分布格局和斑块形态;继而使用格点中心值、最大面积斑块、最大聚合面积斑块等3种尺度上推方法,配合100 m～50 km土地利用数据开展尺度转化实验;最后基于上述评价准则和尺度上推实验所得的系列输出结果,分析了不同尺度上推方法的精度。研究表明:(1)格点中心值上推方法能更好地保留区域土地类型构成、土地面积精度等特征;(2)锡林郭勒盟地区土地研究的适宜尺度应小于10 km,最大不应超过30 km;(3)在尺度上推过程中,土地斑块的平均面积、形态以及空间分布格局对尺度上推成果精度有着重要影响。     

珠三角地区地表温度与土地利用类型关系

随着城市化进程的加快,城市气候与环境问题日益显现,尤以城市热岛效应最为突出。通过监督分类方法对TM遥感影像进行了土地利用分类,并运用TM热红外波段线性拟合模型进行近地表气温反演,分析城市热岛的空间分布及地域性差异,以及与土地利用类型的关系。结果表明:珠三角地区近地表气温与土地利用类型紧密相关,城市建设区形成高温中心,是热岛的主要贡献因子,植被和水体则有明显的冷岛效应;研究区热岛具有区域性集中与分散分布的特点,且以区域性热岛为中心向周边扩展;分析热岛强度剖面线发现,由于地形、植被覆盖度等因素影响,研究区热岛强度的南北差异较大,而东西差异较小;热岛分布与土地利用类型分布格局较为一致,但也有分布不一致性的区域,表现为城市热岛向非城市建设用地扩展。     

江苏省开发区土地集约利用的分层线性模型实证研究

本文构建了分层线性模型以揭示不同层次因素对工业用地集约利用的影响。研究表明,开发区土地集约度的差异有63.96%是开发区本身的差异造成的,有36.04%是区域之间的差异造成的;开发区成立年限、开发区入驻企业数量和开发区土地政策强度在区域之间存在明显的变异,开发区区位和开发区级别对开发区土地集约度的关系不依赖于区域环境的变化;区域工业产值和区域城市化率两个变量对开发区成立年限和开发区土地集约度的正向关联影响不显著;区域工业产值会强化开发区入驻企业数量和开发区土地集约度之间的正向关联,而区域城市化率则弱化了开发区入驻企业数量和开发区土地集约度之间的正向关联;开发区土地政策强度和开发区土地集约度之间的正向关系受区域工业产值的影响不大,而区域城市化率会强化开发区土地政策强度和开发区土地集约度之间的正向关系;区域层次变量解释了18.18%的开发区入驻企业数量与开发区土地集约度之间的相关,解释了11.27%的开发区土地政策强度与开发区土地集约度之间的相关。