西藏那曲县北聂荣微地块聂荣岩群中斜长角闪岩——Rodinia超大陆裂解的地质纪录

西藏那曲县北聂荣微地块聂荣岩群中斜长角闪岩原岩恢复为正斜长角闪岩,地球化学特征显示岩石属于拉斑系列基性火山岩,具有轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的右倾型稀土元素配分模式。岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba及高场强元素Nb、Ta,Sr、Th和U呈现明显的负异常,在构造环境判别图解中样品均投到板内玄武岩区,具有与裂谷火山岩相似的地球化学特征。通过高精度的LA-ICP-MS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱仪)锆石微区原位U-Pb同位素测年,西藏那曲县北聂荣微地块聂荣岩群片麻状斜长角闪岩中获得863±10 Ma的谐和年龄,为原岩(基性火山岩)的形成时代,说明聂荣岩群形成于新元古代早期。该年龄相当于Rodinia超大陆裂解的地质记录。此外,还获得了2 539~1 006 Ma之间的捕获锆石年龄信息。     

Effects of tunnelling on existing support systems of perpendicularly crossing tunnels

The interactions between perpendicularly crossing tunnels in the Sydney region are investigated using a full three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis coupled with elasto-plastic material models. Special attention is paid to the effect of subsequent tunnelling on the support system, i.e. the shotcrete lining and rock bolts, of the existing tunnel. The results of the analysis show that in a region such as Sydney, with relatively high horizontal stresses, installation of the new tunnel causes the shotcrete lining of the existing tunnel to be in tension in the side facing towards the tunnel opening and in compression at the crown and invert. The pre-stressed rock bolts are usually tensioned more in the sections closest to the tunnel opening. For this particular study, if a new tunnel is driven perpendicularly beneath an existing tunnel, significant increases are induced in the bending moments in the shotcrete lining at the lateral sides of the existing tunnel and in the axial forces at its crown and invert. The increase in side bending moments causes further tensile cracking but the crown and invert stresses remain within the thresholds for both compressive failure and tensile cracking for shotcrete lining of typical concrete quality. Moreover, the driving of the new tunnel causes the tensile forces in the existing side rock bolts to increase and those in the existing crown rock bolts to decrease. In contrast, if the new tunnel is driven perpendicularly above the existing tunnel, compressive failure of the existing shotcrete lining is induced at the crown of the deeper tunnel for concrete of typical capacity and a significant tensile force increase of the existing rock bolts around the crown. It is concluded that in order to ensure the stability of the existing tunnel, local thickening is needed at the sides of the existing shotcrete lining if the shallow tunnel is installed first and local thickening is needed at the crown if the deep tunnel is installed first.     

十三陵抽水蓄能电站上池西外坡岩体稳定分析

上池西外坡岩体稳定是十三陵抽水蓄能电站主要的地质工程问题之一,由于受到倾向池外的数条缓倾角断层以及不良的岩体结构控制,存在着滑动位移、变形失稳的可能性,电站的安全运行受到潜在的威胁。因此对西外坡岩体进行稳定分析,并进行补强处理是必要的。     

澜沧江某电站左岸地下洞室群围岩稳定性的FLAC~(3D)分析

在岩体结构模型概化的基础上,采用FLAC3D数值分析方法,系统研究了澜沧江某大型水电站大跨度、高边墙地下洞室群开挖完成后围岩的二次应力场、变形场和塑性破坏区的变化特征。总结了地下洞室群围岩应力、变形和破坏区的分布特征和变化规律,为洞室群稳定性评价和工程施工设计提供了基础资料和参考依据。     

东川石庄铅锌矿成矿模式

铅锌矿赋存于上震旦统灯影组及下寒武统筇竹寺组白云岩、砂质板岩中。特富矿体是由于成矿流体的快速迁移而形成,在受控的断裂带中过饱和流体以充填方式快速沉淀所致。     

A re-examination of the mechanism and human impact of catastrophic mass flows originating on Nevado Huascarán, Cordillera Blanca, Peru in 1962 and 1970

The 1962 and 1970 Huascarán mass movements, originated as rock/ice falls from the mountain's North Peak, transformed into higher-volume high-velocity mud-rich debris flows by incorporation of snow from the surface of a glacier below Huascarán and the substantial entrainment of morainic and colluvial material from slopes below the glacier terminus. Water for fluidization of the entrained material originated in the melting of incorporated snow and the liberation of soil moisture contained within the entrained materials. Eyewitness reports indicate very high mean velocities for the events; 17–35 m/s (1962) and 50–85 m/s (1970). The runout distances and velocity profiles of both events were simulated using DAN/W. Both mass movements continued downstream in the Rio Santa as debris floods (aluviones) that in 1970 reached the Pacific at a distance of 180 km. In strong contrast to publications in the geosciences literature, 1961 Peru Census data indicates that the death toll of the 1970 event is ca. 6000 and that total life loss in the two events did not exceed 7000 people.     

Characterisation of confinement effect on jointed rock pillars using a Synthetic Rock Mass approach

Confinement effect on jointed rock pillars is numerically characterised in this research using a Synthetic Rock Mass (SRM) approach. The SRM is an integrated model incorporating a discrete fracture network within a Particle Flow Code 3D particle assembly. In this paper, the confinement effect on a 3D jointed pillar SRM model is investigated in a series of simulations, including biaxial compression tests and true and conventional triaxial compression tests. The numerical results suggest that the applied confining stresses generally result in higher pillar strengths and ductile post‐peak responses. More brittle post‐peak behaviour is simulated in the biaxial and true triaxial tests when the pillar is confined by a high stress in one lateral direction and by a zero/low stress in the other lateral direction. This phenomenon is attributed to significant lateral pillar dilation in the less confined direction. Detailed pillar failure modes are monitored in the uniaxial and triaxial tests. Axial splitting fractures and long shear zones cutting through the pillar are simulated when the pillar is able to dilate in the direction of least confinement. Localised shearing along joints and failed rock blocks is the dominant failure mode when the pillar dilation is resisted by the applied confining stresses. The pillar remains relatively intact with limited cracking in the pillar core in the highly confined triaxial tests. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蛇绿岩中的花岗质岩石成因类型与构造意义

花岗质岩石在蛇绿岩的岩石组合中只占很小部分（通常＜10％），但是对于蛇绿岩的成因研究，特别是对蛇绿岩形成和演化过程的精确年龄测定，具有重要的意义。简要回顾了蛇绿岩中花岗质岩石的研究历史。近年来的研究表明，蛇绿岩中的花岗质岩石不仅包括直接由大洋玄武质岩浆结晶分异形成的花岗质岩石，即传统意义上的大洋斜长花岗岩，还包括蛇绿岩在形成、演化过程中本身形成的和侵入的花岗质岩石。根据成因，可以将这些花岗质岩石分为 4类：结晶分异型花岗岩、剪切型花岗岩、俯冲型花岗岩和仰冲型花岗岩。系统地综述了它们的地球化学特征以及形成的构造背景。     

基于广义RQDt的岩石质量空间分布规律研究

自然界中的岩石通常含有大量复杂交错的结构面,造成岩石质量在三维空间中存在明显的各向异性。作为评价岩石质量的重要参数,岩石质量指标(广义RQDt)被广泛应用于岩体工程。结合三维裂隙网络模拟法和测线法,对岩体质量在三维空间不同方向上的分布规律进行研究:首先根据研究域岩体的裂隙统计参数及分布规律,利用Monte-Carlo法生成三维随机裂隙网络;然后通过在研究域内布置监测点和测线的方式来计算监测点处RQDt值随空间方位的变化,得到岩石质量空间分布图,以此来直观描述岩体质量沿空间不同方向的分布。将该法应用于某工程坝区岩体质量评估,表明该方法简单且具有较强的实用价值,可较全面描述岩体质量在空间方向上的分布规律。     

断层两盘岩层错动、错距和相对运动关系

岩层迹线是岩层在断层面上的交迹线。它和两盘相对运动力的相交关系及相对运动力在断层面上的特殊位置,可以得出岩层错动和相对运动之间三条普遍规律和三条特殊规律。六条规律普遍存在于除了具有复杂地质现象的深、大断裂等以外的一切较常见的断层中。它们之间有简易规律可循。大量立体图形显示:一般的断层都可有多种不同的力学成因;两种不同的岩错现象,也可有相同的力学成因。总错距是上下盘相当层迹线之间的最短距离,尚未被研究过。它影响到其他各种岩(地)层错距的大小及层位错动的比例。