阿尔泰哈巴河群的沉积时代及其构造背景

北疆阿尔泰造山带的哈巴河群变质碎屑岩分布广泛,其沉积时代和构造环境对于认识中亚造山带的演化历史有重要意义。早期研究认为哈巴河群沉积于震旦纪—中奥陶世时期,形成于被动大陆边缘构造环境。而最近有学者根据中亚造山带的地质演化背景提出,阿尔泰形成于活动陆缘构造环境。对哈巴河群中碎屑锆石的年代学研究表明,不同岩性或变质程度不同的样品碎屑锆石主要类群具有相似的年龄分布特征,其~(206)Pb/~(238)U 年龄主要介于463～542Ma 之间。在这些样品中, 最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄均集中于470Ma 左右,代表了碎屑沉积的时代下限。而哈巴河群混合岩样品中碎屑锆石增生边形成于中泥盆世晚期(384±6Ma),与侵入该群的早古生代花岗岩的年龄十分接近,大致反映了哈巴河群碎屑岩沉积时代的上限,因此哈巴河群的沉积时代应在早泥盆世—中奥陶世之间。锆石的形态和内部结构特征显示哈巴河群的年轻碎屑锆石类群(463～542Ma)主要为岩浆锆石,其磨圆度较差,而且在比例上远高于前寒武纪碎屑锆石。上述特点与活动大陆边缘碎屑锆石类群分布特征完全一致,反映阿尔泰在中奥陶世至早泥盆世可能处于活动大陆边缘构造环境。     

内蒙古甘奎、诺敏-毕拉河火山群遥感解译的新认识

通过TM图像的解译,辅以航片和局部地面验证,对内蒙古自治区鄂伦春旗境内森林掩盖区第四纪火山群进行研究,判别火山锥(口)、识别岩流及其火山喷发类型,取得了较好的效果,并对火山喷发时代的划分和构造控制进行了分析和总结。     

Relationships between glacier and rock glacier in the Maritime Alps, Schiantala Valley, Italy

In the Schiantala Valley of the Maritime Alps, the relationship between a till-like body and a contiguous rock glacier has been analyzed using geomorphologic, geoelectric and ice-petrographic methodologies. DC resistivity tomographies undertaken in the till and in the rock glacier show the presence of buried massive ice and ice-rich sediments, respectively. Ice samples from a massive ice outcrop show spherical gas inclusions and equidimensional ice crystals that are randomly orientated, confirming the typical petrographic characteristics of sedimentary ice. The rock glacier formation began after a phase of glacier expansion about 2550 ± 50 ¹⁴C yr BP. Further ice advance during the Little Ice Age (LIA) overrode the rock glacier root and caused partial shrinkage of the pre-existing permafrost. Finally, during the 19th and 20th centuries, the glacial surface became totally debris covered. Geomorphological and geophysical methods combined with analyses of ice structure and fabric can effectively interpret the genesis of landforms in an environment where glaciers and permafrost interact. Ice petrography proved especially useful for differentiating ice of past glaciers versus ice formed under permafrost conditions. These two mechanisms of ice formation are common in the Maritime Alps where many sites of modern rock glaciers were formerly occupied by LIA glaciers.     

Effects of tunnelling on existing support systems of perpendicularly crossing tunnels

The interactions between perpendicularly crossing tunnels in the Sydney region are investigated using a full three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis coupled with elasto-plastic material models. Special attention is paid to the effect of subsequent tunnelling on the support system, i.e. the shotcrete lining and rock bolts, of the existing tunnel. The results of the analysis show that in a region such as Sydney, with relatively high horizontal stresses, installation of the new tunnel causes the shotcrete lining of the existing tunnel to be in tension in the side facing towards the tunnel opening and in compression at the crown and invert. The pre-stressed rock bolts are usually tensioned more in the sections closest to the tunnel opening. For this particular study, if a new tunnel is driven perpendicularly beneath an existing tunnel, significant increases are induced in the bending moments in the shotcrete lining at the lateral sides of the existing tunnel and in the axial forces at its crown and invert. The increase in side bending moments causes further tensile cracking but the crown and invert stresses remain within the thresholds for both compressive failure and tensile cracking for shotcrete lining of typical concrete quality. Moreover, the driving of the new tunnel causes the tensile forces in the existing side rock bolts to increase and those in the existing crown rock bolts to decrease. In contrast, if the new tunnel is driven perpendicularly above the existing tunnel, compressive failure of the existing shotcrete lining is induced at the crown of the deeper tunnel for concrete of typical capacity and a significant tensile force increase of the existing rock bolts around the crown. It is concluded that in order to ensure the stability of the existing tunnel, local thickening is needed at the sides of the existing shotcrete lining if the shallow tunnel is installed first and local thickening is needed at the crown if the deep tunnel is installed first.     

十三陵抽水蓄能电站上池西外坡岩体稳定分析

上池西外坡岩体稳定是十三陵抽水蓄能电站主要的地质工程问题之一,由于受到倾向池外的数条缓倾角断层以及不良的岩体结构控制,存在着滑动位移、变形失稳的可能性,电站的安全运行受到潜在的威胁。因此对西外坡岩体进行稳定分析,并进行补强处理是必要的。     

东川石庄铅锌矿成矿模式

铅锌矿赋存于上震旦统灯影组及下寒武统筇竹寺组白云岩、砂质板岩中。特富矿体是由于成矿流体的快速迁移而形成,在受控的断裂带中过饱和流体以充填方式快速沉淀所致。     

基于广义RQDt的岩石质量空间分布规律研究

自然界中的岩石通常含有大量复杂交错的结构面,造成岩石质量在三维空间中存在明显的各向异性。作为评价岩石质量的重要参数,岩石质量指标(广义RQDt)被广泛应用于岩体工程。结合三维裂隙网络模拟法和测线法,对岩体质量在三维空间不同方向上的分布规律进行研究:首先根据研究域岩体的裂隙统计参数及分布规律,利用Monte-Carlo法生成三维随机裂隙网络;然后通过在研究域内布置监测点和测线的方式来计算监测点处RQDt值随空间方位的变化,得到岩石质量空间分布图,以此来直观描述岩体质量沿空间不同方向的分布。将该法应用于某工程坝区岩体质量评估,表明该方法简单且具有较强的实用价值,可较全面描述岩体质量在空间方向上的分布规律。     

Quick Evaluation of Present-Day Low-Total Organic Carbon Carbonate Source Rocks from Rock-Eval Data: Middle–Upper Ordovician in the Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin

Previous studies have postulated the contribution of present-day low-total organic carbon(TOC) marine carbonate source rocks to oil accumulations in the Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin, China. However, not all present-day low-TOC carbonates have generated and expelled hydrocarbons; therefore, to distinguish the source rocks that have already expelled sufficient hydrocarbons from those not expelled hydrocarbons, is crucial in source rock evaluation and resource assessment in the Tabei Uplift. Mass balance can be used to identify modern low-TOC carbonates resulting from hydrocarbon expulsion. However, the process is quite complicated, requiring many parameters and coefficients and thus also a massive data source. In this paper, we provide a quick and cost effective method for identifying carbonate source rock with present-day low TOC, using widely available Rock-Eval data. First, we identify present-day low-TOC carbonate source rocks in typical wells according to the mass balance approach. Second, we build an optimal model to evaluate source rocks from the analysis of the rocks' characteristics and their influencing factors, reported as positive or negative values of a dimensionless index of Rock-Eval data(IR). Positive IR corresponds to those samples which have expelled hydrocarbons. The optimal model optimizes complicated calculations and simulation processes; thus it could be widely applicable and competitive in the evaluation of present-day low TOC carbonates. By applying the model to the Rock-Eval dataset of the Tabei Uplift, we identify present-day low-TOC carbonate source rocks and primarily evaluate the contribution equivalent of 11.87×10~9 t oil.     

Validation study of the distinct lattice spring model (DLSM) on P-wave propagation across multiple parallel joints

A validation study of the distinct lattice spring model (DLSM) for wave propagation problems is performed. DLSM is a microstructure-based numerical model, which is meshless and has advantages in modelling dynamic problems where stress wave propagation is important. To verify the applicability of DLSM to modelling wave propagation through a discontinuous medium, the virtual wave source (VWS) method is used to obtain analytical solutions for wave propagation across a jointed rock mass. Numerical modelling results of the commercial code UDEC are selected as the reference. The effects of particle size and lattice rotation angle on wave propagation are first studied. Then, the results of wave transmission across a single joint with a different joint stiffness and across multiple parallel joints with different joint spacings are derived with DLSM, UDEC and VWS. These results are in good agreement with each other. Therefore, the capability of DLSM to model P-wave propagation across jointed rock mass is verified, which provides confidence for the further application of DLSM to modelling more complex problems.     

岩爆预测的灰色关联系统分析与评价

岩爆由于其发生的突然性和猛烈性,常给地下工程建设带来灾害性破坏,因此,岩爆预测研究具有重大的工程意义。岩爆由于影响因素众多且关系复杂,采用传统的指标和评价办法很难系统地考虑诸多因素,而采用灰色关联分析方法可建立起各种影响因素的相关性。灰色关联系统通过分析洞室围岩应力、岩性条件和能量条件等影响岩爆的主要因素,选取岩石抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性能量指数和洞壁最大切向应力作为岩爆预测的评判指标,建立了岩爆预测的灰色关联系统分析模型。在基于经验的基础上运用所建立的灰色关联模型对典型工程的岩爆类型进行了判定,评价结果表明:(1)利用灰色关联度分析方法能够考虑影响岩爆的主要因素,判别的结果与实际情况相符,证明了本分析方法的适用性和有效性; (2)与其它判别岩爆的方法相比,灰色关联度分析方法原理简单,可操作性强,更具有实用价值,并可通过选用参考序列的典型性和代表性来提高岩爆评价的准确性和可靠性。