小目标激光测距仪最佳发散角选取的改进方法

讨论了激光测距仪测距本领的限制因素,找出了诸多限制因素的内在联系,得出了影响测距能力的关键因素是目标的照明概率.在前人已有的对激光测距仪最佳发散角的选取方法基础上,对其进行了改进.新得到的方法在选取最佳发散角时具有快速、简洁和精确度高等特点,并利用多项式拟合对其进行了简化,使其可用于粗略估算.最后,利用数值模拟对新方法进行了验证分析.     

An examination of the trout population of five lakes near Rotorua,New Zealand

Five lakes, varying from 10 to 100 hectares in area and each containing an existing population of Salmo gairdneri, were gill‐netted and stocked with tagged fish each year from 1960 to 1965 to determine the effect of regular stocking on the size and numbers of fish present. There was little natural spawning of trout in most of the lakes. Growth in length and weight of tagged fish was computed and an annual estimate of population calculated from the netting returns. Appendices give details of the statistical analyses of the data.

Fish production has been correlated with the trophic status of the lakes as indicated by their temperature and oxygen content. There was no clear relationship between lake size and trout production but trout production decreased as the environment became more eutrophic. Results also showed a close inverse relationship between numbers supported and average weight achieved by the trout. It is concluded that the angling potential of local lakes can be maintained despite the eutrophication resulting from intensive agricultural development of the catchments. These lakes will produce large‐sized fish if the trout population is kept relatively small.

Loss in weight in brown and rainbow trout as a result of spawning activities in local lakes and streams was found to be similar. Both male and female fish lost between 22 and 40 percent of their weight over a spawning period. This probably accounted for the observed low‐condition factor among older fish in the lake populations.     

白令海和楚科奇海鱼类种类组成及其对生态环境变化的响应

根据第4次中国北极科学考察在白令海与楚科奇海进行的鱼类拖网调查资料,分析了白令海与楚科奇海鱼类生物的种类组成、优势种、物种多样性和区系特征,探讨了鱼类生物对北极气候快速变化的响应。结果表明,白令海与楚科奇海两个海域共鉴定鱼类生物14科41种;主要优势种类为粗壮拟庸鲽(Hippoglossoides robustus)、北鳕(Boreogadus saida)、短角床杜父鱼(Myoxocephalus scorpius)、斑鳍北鳚(Lumpenus fabricii)、粗糙钩杜父鱼(Artediellus scaber);从适温性来看,冷水性种类最多,有35种,冷温性种类6种;从栖息地生态类型来看,底层鱼类、近底层鱼类和中上层鱼类分别为35、5和1种;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数平均为1.21,呈现南高北低的特点,整体多样性水平不高;气候变化引起部分北极、亚北极海区鱼类出现不同程度的纬向和纵向移动,由此将引起北极渔业资源分布格局的变化。     

西北太平洋柔鱼中长期预测方法研究

为了能更好预测西北太平洋柔鱼的资源量, 选择合适的预测方法及开发相应的预测系统颇为重要。利用相关性分析, 筛选出在产卵区显著影响西北太平洋柔鱼资源量的关键网格点, 并采用这些网格点的海表温度、产卵区适宜温度所占面积的比例和单位努力捕获量等数据组织样本, 然后利用线性回归、BP 神经网络、RBF 神经网络和支持向量机等预测方法进行实验。结果表明: 在西北太平洋柔鱼中长期预测中, BP 神经网络要优于其他方法。以相关性分析和BP 神经网络为基础建立的西北太平洋柔鱼资源量预测系统是有效可行的。     

“协优”成矿预测方法的理论探索与实践

根据西藏野外地质工作难度大、工作程度极低、找矿信息少且获取极其困难这一实际, 在认真学习、吸收前辈成矿预测理论精髓及大量找矿实践和理论思考的基础上, 基于系统性、关联性、目标一致性、不充足判据的充足化、复杂与精确的反比性原则, 提出了西部工作程度极低地区快速逼近找矿目标的“协优”成矿预测法, 即只要优选出少量相互关联、目标一致、最能揭示某种类型成矿本质特征的关键信息组合, 就可能导致该类型矿床被发现.强调直接信息的先导作用及少数相互关联信息的明确指示意义, 突出信息与预测目标的一致性, 这样可有效减少信息的不确定性和多解性, 从而降低找矿风险.试图从另一个视角、另一种思路来认识和探讨西部工作程度极低地区的成矿预测问题.该方法应用于冈底斯、北喜马拉雅及念青唐古拉等成矿带的勘查实践, 找矿取得了巨大突破.这对促进冈底斯相邻地区乃至整个西部地区的找矿评价、技术方法进步等具有重要的参考与借鉴意义.      

Seasonal patterns of benthic arthropods in a subtropical Andean basin

We studied the seasonal variation of arthropod assemblages and the response to high discharge events in a subtropical Andean basin. Using abundance of common taxa and taxon richness of each sampled site, we examined the temporal variation of arthropods and related these changes with 12 environmental variables. Seasonal patterns of benthic arthropods were confirmed by uni- and multivariate techniques. Benthic abundance and taxon richness peaked on autumn-winter months, and declined abruptly on the month of peak discharge (summer season). Distinct taxonomic groups were dominant in each season influenced by discharge and seven chemical variables.Assemblage resistance to disturbance by spates was low. Rapid recovery of benthic arthropods after floods reflected high resilience of the system. The dominance of groups of short life cycles such as Ephemeroptera played an important role in this process.     

Willingness to pay among households to prevent coastal resources from polluting by oil spills: A pilot survey

In many coastal regions oil spills can be considered to be one of the most important risks for the coastal environment. Efficient contingency management in responding to oil spills is critically important. Strategic priorities in contingency management highly depend upon the importance attributed to different economic and ecological resources such as beaches or birds. Due to the lack of a market for natural resources in the real world, these resources cannot be directly measured in monetary terms. This increases the risk that natural resources and their services are neglected in contingency decision making. This paper evaluates these natural resources in a hypothetical market by using the methodology of stated choice experiments. Results from a pilot survey show that according to the perspective of individuals, an oil spill combat process should focus on the protection of coastal waters, beaches and eider ducks.     

The metabolic and fitness costs associated with metal resistance in Nereis diversicolor

The population of Nereis diversicolor inhabiting the upper reaches of Restronguet Creek, Cornwall, UK is highly resistant to acute zinc and copper toxicity. Here we employ bioenergetic accounting and fecundity counts to demonstrate the energetic costs associated with this phenomenon in terms of the worms’ allocation of metabolic resources and reproductive output [P_r]. Metal-resistant animals exhibited a scope for growth that was 46-62% less than that of animals from two non-resistant reference populations, corresponding to a mean metabolic cost of 1.31 mJ h⁻¹ mg DW⁻¹. The resistant population also contained 13% less lipid than animals from the reference populations and 73-81% less carbohydrates. Consequently, mass-specific fecundity was reduced in resistant animals by 39-45%, although material investment in individual gametes did not appear to vary. This demonstrates fitness costs associated with metal resistance in this ecologically important polychaete and adds to our understanding of phenotypic trade-offs associated with resistance.     

近百年来中国冰川变化及其对气候变化的敏感性研究进展

冰川变化是气候变化的产物,也是气候变化的指示器.在全球变暖的背景下,近百年来我国冰川消融强烈,以退缩为主.本文对近百年来我国冰川末端退缩、物质平衡变化和冰川面积变化方面的研究成果进行了综合分析.从时间和空间两方面探讨了我国冰川变化对气候变化响应的敏感性.结果表明,我国冰川末端变化对气候变化的响应在时间上要滞后10～20年,冰川末端退缩、物质平衡变化和面积变化的幅度在青藏高原边缘和周边地区要大于高原内部,对气候变化响应的敏感性也由内部向边缘增强.最后指出了我国冰川变化研究中存在的主要问题及今后发展趋势.     

温度对FHD磁力仪观测数据噪声影响

分析国家地磁台网中心2009—2014年FHD磁力仪参考背景噪声数据,发现存在随季节变化,即随温度变化的现象,表明FHD仪观测受温度影响。分析认为,在环境噪声不变的情况下,温度变化会引起FHD仪配谐精确程度和品质因数Q值变化,使仪器选频的信噪比发生变化,从而使观测数据噪声随温度变化。要降低温度对观测数据噪声的影响,需要对仪器设计进行改进,在安装和使用时,尽量缩短FDH仪主机到探头信号线长度,且观测室建设尽量考虑保温要求。