西双版纳雾凉季次生林林窗光照特征初步分析

利用西双版纳雾凉季次生林林窗光照观测资料,探讨了林窗光照的时空变化特征。结果表明：由于天气现象（浓雾）和林窗树木的共同影响,林窗区域光强存在明显的差异;受浓雾影响的上午,光强的时间变化及水平梯度均不明显;１１时后雾散日出,在太阳辐射的影响下,各测点光强均迅速上升,尤以林窗偏东侧林缘最为突出;中午的平均光强最大区域由林窗中心向东北侧林缘移动;但在林窗偏西测,受树木遮蔽影响,光强增加较小,形成平均光强     

华北地震活动中短期异常图像研究

系统研究了多种地震活动性方法后认为, 1970年以来华北地区发生的M_S≥5.8中强震前, 约83%具有3级或4级地震异常条带、 孕震空区及信号震出现。 震前有信号震的比例占92%, 83%的信号震距主震150 km以内, 距主震发生时间小于1年的占67%。 条带时间形成进程在2年内的约占90%, 震前条带形成后到主震发生83%在5个月内。 空区形成进程在1年半内的占83%, 空区形成后到主震发生91%在50天内, 为有意义的地震活动图像短期异常特征。 文中还探讨了异常条带图像的定量判别指标及其与未来强震的关联。     

层结稳定性“豁口”与北太平洋副热带中部模态水形成机制

本文首先指出北太平洋副热带中部模态水（简称中部模态水）的形成具有显著的“局地”特征,其形成海区在（165°E～160°W,38°N～42°N）区间. 海气通量分析表明单纯的外部大气强迫场（太阳短波辐射、净热通量和风应力旋度）不能解释中部模态水形成海区的“局地”性;进一步对上层海洋层结季节变化特征的分析发现秋季（9～10月）在北太平洋中部上层海洋（<75 m）（165°E～160°W,38°N～42°N）区间存在特殊的浮力频率低值区——层结稳定性“豁口”. 该层结稳定性“豁口”作为“预条件（Precondition Mechanism）”机制对中部模态水形成的“局地”特征给出了合理的解释. 在上述研究的基础上,基于一个上层海洋混合层热平衡方程,通过诊断分析揭示该层结稳定性“豁口”是由海表热力强迫、垂向挟卷、Ekman平流和地转平流效应共同导致的,“豁口”东、西边界的确定直接或间接地取决于海表热力强迫、Ekman冷平流和地转暖平流的纬向分布差异.     

Sources of uncertainty in estimating stream solute export from headwater catchments at three sites

Uncertainty in the estimation of hydrologic export of solutes has never been fully evaluated at the scale of a small‐watershed ecosystem. We used data from the Gomadansan Experimental Forest, Japan, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, USA, and Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, USA, to evaluate many sources of uncertainty, including the precision and accuracy of measurements, selection of models, and spatial and temporal variation. Uncertainty in the analysis of stream chemistry samples was generally small but could be large in relative terms for solutes near detection limits, as is common for ammonium and phosphate in forested catchments. Instantaneous flow deviated from the theoretical curve relating height to discharge by up to 10% at Hubbard Brook, but the resulting corrections to the theoretical curve generally amounted to <0.5% of annual flows. Calibrations were limited to low flows; uncertainties at high flows were not evaluated because of the difficulties in performing calibrations during events. However, high flows likely contribute more uncertainty to annual flows because of the greater volume of water that is exported during these events. Uncertainty in catchment area was as much as 5%, based on a comparison of digital elevation maps with ground surveys. Three different interpolation methods are used at the three sites to combine periodic chemistry samples with streamflow to calculate fluxes. The three methods differed by <5% in annual export calculations for calcium, but up to 12% for nitrate exports, when applied to a stream at Hubbard Brook for 1997–2008; nitrate has higher weekly variation at this site. Natural variation was larger than most other sources of uncertainty. Specifically, coefficients of variation across streams or across years, within site, for runoff and weighted annual concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulphate, chloride, and silicate ranged from 5 to 50% and were even higher for nitrate. Uncertainty analysis can be used to guide efforts to improve confidence in estimated stream fluxes and also to optimize design of monitoring programmes. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南地区强震前的应变扰动异常

计算和分析了云南地区5次M_L ≥ 6.5强震前的应变扰动ε_i值.结果表明,地震前5~8年,归一化为4级的地震的ε_i出现明显的高值异常;未来震中区域ε_i值变小,周围地区增大,形成空区;ε_i值有由零星分布逐渐向震中区收缩、集中并增强的趋势.     

中强地震前空区图象一例

1980年内蒙博克图5.6级地震前3.5年左右在主震震中附近形成小震密集区,在密集区外围形成环带空区,在主震发生前两年,环带空区消失,同时在震中附近形成孕震空区。随时间进程,孕震空区、密集区和环带空区间的内外频次比有下降—回升—峰值发震的特点,是一个典型的空区图象震例。     

黑龙江省及其邻区地震序列早期特征研究

通过对中国大陆103个地震序列（自1966年以来）显著地震发生后6小时内的资料进行分析表明,中国东部地区地震序列的数量明显低于西部地区,而黑龙江省及其邻区地震序列的数量则更少。地震累积频度拟合函数主要呈指数函数、幂函数分布,其中双震型或多震型序列以指数函数分布为主,主余震型则以幂函数分布为主。 h 值、k 值与地震数量及主余震时间差等无线性关系。显著地震有前震的序列,其地震频度拟合函数、h 值与前震至显著地震的时间间隔有关,当时间间隔大于7小时,地震累积频度拟合函数多呈指数函数分布,h 值<0.5。     

黑龙江省及其邻区地震序列时期特征研究

通过对中国大陆１０３个地震序列（自１９６６年以来）显地震发生在６小时内的资料进行分析表明,中国东部地区地震序列的数量明显低于西部地区,而黑龙江省及其邻区地震序列的数量则更少,地震累积频度拟合函数主要呈指数函数、幂函数分布,其中双震型或多震型序列以指数函数分布为主,主余震型则以幂函数分布为主。ｈ值、ｋ值与地震数量及主余震时间差等无线性关系。显地震有前震的序列,其地震频度拟合函数、ｈ值与前震至显     

Effect of succession gaps on the understory water‐holding capacity in an over‐mature alpine forest at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River

The water‐holding capacity (WHC) of the understory in the headwater regions of major rivers plays an important role in both the capacity of the forest water reservoir and water quality and quantity in the butted rivers. Although forest gaps could regulate water‐holding patterns in the understory by redistributing coarse woody debris (CWD), fine woody debris (FWD), non‐woody debris (NWD) and understory vegetation, little information is available on the effects of forest gaps on understory WHC. Therefore, we investigated the WHCs of CWD, FWD, NWD, herbaceous vegetation, mosses, epiphytes (including fern and lichen growing on the surface of logs) and soils from the gap centre to the adjacent closed canopy in an alpine forest at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The total WHC of the alpine forest understory components was approximately 300 mm. Soil layer had the largest contribution to the total understory WHC (90%), and among the aboveground components, CWD and mosses contributed 5% and 4% to the aboveground WHC, respectively. With the exception of that of the herbaceous layer, the WHC of the forest floor increased from the gap centre to the closed canopy. Although mosses had the lowest biomass allocation on the alpine forest floor, the water‐holding ratio (k) of mosses reached 485%. In conclusion, biomass is the parameter that most strongly and positively correlated with the WHC of the alpine forest understory, and forest gap formation decreases the understory WHC of alpine forest resulting from a decrease in organic soils, CWDs and mosses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Highlights

• The effects of gaps on the understory WHC were examined in an alpine forest.
• Gaps decreased the understory WHC by decreasing the amounts of the larger WHC components.
• The contribution of CWD and mosses to the aboveground WHC was large.
• The WHC of dead debris was higher than that of the vegetation.

     

多自由度减振磁流变阻尼器的设计研究

针对磁流变阻尼器存在的磁流变液体沉淀、结构复杂、阻尼通道设计不尽合理等问题和工程应用中多自由度减振的实际需求,采用阻尼通道的锥形孔结构、平行圆盘缝隙式设计和分体式结构、实现磁流变阻尼器易安装、散热好、效率高和多自由度减振使用的目的.通过台架试验研究,分析了控制电流、激振频率和振幅对阻尼器阻尼特件的影响,结果表明所设计的...