VARIATIONS OF CLOUD FRACTION OVER EAST ASIA UNDER GLOBAL WARMING CONDITIONS IN THE PAST 20 YEARS

Based on the variation of cloud fraction revealed by D2 Cloud Climatic Data of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and trend analysis methods, the trend of different types of cloud fraction over East Asia during 1984-2006 is obtained. The analysis focuses on the relationship between temperature and different cloud fraction under the background of globe warming. The result shows a fluctuating decreasing tendency in the total cloud fraction, high-level cloud and low-level cloud over East Asia with the decrement being 2.24%, 1.65% and 1.68%, respectively, while the mid-level cloud increases by 1.07%. In addition, there are great regional differences in cloud fraction. Temperature and water-vapor content variation caused by the greenhouse effects over East Asia is the primary reason for the variation of cloud fraction. Over the Tibetan Plateau, the Bay of Bengal and the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the temperature is negatively correlated with high-level cloud, but positively correlated with mid- and low-level cloud. However, over the West Pacific and the ocean east and north of Japan, the temperature is negatively correlated with low-level cloud but positively correlated with high-level cloud.     

Domestic actions contributing to the mitigation of GHG emissions from power generation in Brazil

Abstract

Continued growth and the privatisation of Brazil's electricity system, which is largely based upon hydropower, is projected to lead to big expansion mainly of natural gas but also coal power stations with a resulting huge growth in greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions unless steps are taken to avoid this. The Brazilian National Program of Power Conservation and Efficient Use of Electrical Energy in terms of avoided GHG emissions (PROCEL), originally created in 1985, is a multi-stakeholder program coordinated by Eletrobrás aimed to reduce the waste of electrical power on both supply and demand side. Initially crippled by lack of funds, a new finance structure introduced in 1994 has greatly increased PROCEL's impact. Here we develop scenarios that suggest that continued expansion of PROCEL's programme, including resources that might be drawn through clean development mechanism (CDM) projects, to meet projected PROCEL targets over the next two decades could avoid approximately one-third of the GHG emissions from the Brazilian power sector. This contribution demonstrates the significant global environmental benefits of PROCEL in addition to national benefits of this innovative programme.     

Cross-equatorial structures of equatorially trapped nonlinear Rossby waves

Analysis of the Sea Surface Height (SSH) from satellite altimeters has shown that equatorially trapped Rossby waves exhibit asymmetric cross-equatorial structures; their northern extrema are much larger in magnitude than their southern counterparts. Such asymmetry is inconsistent with the classical theory for the first baroclinic, first meridional equatorially trapped Rossby mode, which predicts that SSH and zonal velocity are symmetric in latitude and the meridional velocity is latitudinally antisymmetric (Matsuno, 1966). Chelton et al. (2003) attributed the observed asymmetry to the mean-shear-induced modifications of first meridional mode Rossby waves. The present paper examines nonlinear rectification of cross-equatorial wave structures in the presence of different zonal mean currents. Nonlinear traveling Rossby waves embedded in shears are calculated numerically in a 1.5-layer model. Nonlinearity is shown to increase the cross-equatorial asymmetry substantially making the northern extrema even more pronounced. However, nonlinearity only slightly increases the magnitude of the westward phase speed.     

山西省阳泉市城市热岛效应特征分析

利用1972－2011年阳泉市3个国家级气象站资料、2011年36个乡镇区域自动站气温资料,分析了阳泉市城市热岛效应的年际变化、季节变化、月变化和日变化特征。结果表明：阳泉市存在弱的城市热岛效应,1972－2011年平均热岛强度0.554 ℃。阳泉市城市热岛强度整体呈显著上升趋势,热岛强度的增加主要是由于夏季热岛强度的增强;热岛强度冬、秋季强,春、夏季弱;12月最强,5月最弱;热岛强度日变化表现为12时最小,从傍晚开始随降温逐渐增大,到早晨气温降到最低时最大,日出之后迅速减小;2008－2011年最强热岛强度出现在2010年1月14日08时,达7.9 ℃。阳泉在升温天气热岛强度变幅增大,易在早晨形成较强城市热岛,下午形成城市冷岛;降温天气热岛强度变幅减小;温度变化较小时则易维持弱的城市热岛。阳泉市主要城市发展因子与霾日数、气温呈显著正相关,在目前的经济发展水平条件下,阳泉市城市化发展可能使城市温度增高,城市绿地面积的增加可能对热岛效应有缓解作用。     

城市热岛和海风环流相互作用的数值模拟研究进展

在沿海城市地区,城市热岛环流和海风环流往往同时存在;它们在空气污染物的传输和扩散中均起至关重要的作用,对强对流天气亦有重要的触发作用.随着城市化的发展,空气污染等环境问题变得越来越严峻,突然性强对流天气所造成的灾害也越来越严重.因此,沿海城市地区城市热岛和海风环流相互作用的研究受到日益广泛的关注.本文回顾了近30 a来国内外关于城市热岛和海风环流相互作用数值模拟的研究历史,分析了目前的研究现状及存在的一些问题,概述了城市化、城市热岛对海风环流的影响,海风对城市热岛、城市热岛环流的影响,以及城市热岛环流和海风环流的耦合效应.最后,本文提出了一些有待于研究或需深入研究的问题;这些问题的研究将有助于进一步揭示沿海城市地区空气污染动力学机制、强对流天气触发机制.     

敦煌地块大水峡北晶质石墨矿床地球化学特征及成因意义

大水峡北晶质石墨矿床位于阿尔金大断裂北侧的敦煌地块, 是新近发现的大型晶质石墨矿床。石墨矿体主要赋存于二云石英片岩中, 晶质石墨具有典型的条状或鳞片状构造。目前该矿床的研究仅限于基础地质方面, 其成因尚不清楚。本文对大水峡北晶质石墨矿床开展了岩石学和地球化学的研究, 结果表明, 本次分析的大水峡北晶质石墨矿床样品总体呈高硅、低碱、贫钙的特点。其中, 含石墨矿样品V/Cr=8.00~11.14, U/Th=0.45~1.13, 指示其形成于缺氧的还原环境; 而矿体围岩Ni/Co比值为1.44~17.61, 指示其形成于富氧的氧化环境。所有分析样品的Eu负异常明显, δEu=0.60~1.00;∑REE含量偏高, 具有轻稀土相对富集的特征。此外, 二云石英片岩型晶质石墨矿石的原岩以砂质岩和杂砂岩为主, 围岩二云石英片岩的原岩为页岩和粘土岩。样品除斜长角闪岩外全为副变质岩, 这些副变质岩的古沉积环境为干燥气候条件下富氧的海陆交互相环境, 其古水体介质主要为盐度较高的半咸水环境。石墨矿石δ¹³C=-22.4‰~-22.3‰, 围岩大理岩δ¹³C=-6.3‰~-2.4‰, 表明成矿碳质来源主要为有机碳, 并混入部分无机碳。大水峡北晶质石墨样品拉曼谱峰相似, 拉曼谱峰特征显示石墨的结晶程度较高, 结晶温度为565℃。构造活动和热事件是研究区石墨矿床形成的重要因素, 初步认为大水峡北晶质石墨矿床属于区域变质型石墨矿床。

     

Regional hydrologic mapping of flows in stream networks

River low flow (LF) is an important hydrological characteristic used in management of the quantity and quality of water resources. A common way to transpose at-station low flow quantiles to ungaged locations involves development of regional multivariate regression models. In site selection studies of water control facilities, need arises to automate the mapping of LF characteristics onto the stream network in a continuous manner. This would allow estimation of LF at any desired ungaged location. A mapping algorithm is introduced that determines the value of regression model's independent variables (input components) over the drainage area of each stream pixel and calculates the flow (output). The mapping algorithm relies mainly on the digital elevation model (DEM) and its derivatives, such as flow direction and flow accumulation. Furthermore, the contribution of each independent variable of the regional model to the total flow may be plotted to represent the flow profiles along the streams. A case study involving LF mapping in rivers of Gilan province, Iran, where LF quantiles are required for issuing water withdrawal permits as well as maintaining water quality standards, is also described in the paper. Overall, the maps and profiles of flow statistics in the region of interest provide convenient visualization and assessment tools for water resource and environmental engineers. The transposition algorithm may also be applied in regional mapping of other flow characteristics such as flood or average flows.     

局部自相似性与MRF网络模型的超分重建算法

针对局部自相似性重建方法的块效应问题,以及MRF网络模型方法外部训练库数据不相关性产生的图像重建误差问题,提出了一种结合局部自相似性和MRF网络模型的超分辨率重建方法。首先,利用图像局部自相似特性,引入自身冗余信息构建高分训练库,然后建立低分与高分训练库映射的MRF网络模型,通过置信传播算法求解MRF模型重建高分图像。以仿真和真实卫星图像进行超分实验,结果表明本文方法能够改善图像的细节,较好地去除了块效应,提高了地物边缘的清晰度。     

测绘行业教育培训现状分析

深入实施人才强测战略,扎实推进测绘地理信息事业改革创新发展,加强测绘地理信息行业职工教育培训工作,成为促进测绘地理信息事业全面发展的关键点。本文以黑龙江省为例分析了测绘地理信息行业职工培训的现状及存在的问题,并提出了建议与对策。