Review on carbon emissions,energy consumption and low-carbon economy in China from a perspective of global climate change

Accompanying the rapid growth of China’s population and economy, energy consumption and carbon emission increased significantly from 1978 to 2012. China is now the largest energy consumer and CO₂ emitter of the world, leading to much interest in researches on the nexus between energy consumption, carbon emissions and low-carbon economy. This article presents the domestic Chinese studies on this hotpot issue, and we obtain the following findings. First, most research fields involve geography, ecology and resource economics, and research contents contained some analysis of current situation, factors decomposition, predictive analysis and the introduction of methods and models. Second, there exists an inverted “U-shaped” curve connection between carbon emission, energy consumption and economic development. Energy consumption in China will be in a low-speed growth after 2035 and it is expected to peak between 6.19–12.13 billion TCE in 2050. China’s carbon emissions are expected to peak in 2035, or during 2020 to 2045, and the optimal range of carbon emissions is between 2.4–3.3 PgC/year (1 PgC=1 billion tons C) in 2050. Third, future research should be focused on global carbon trading, regional carbon flows, reforming the current energy structure, reducing energy consumption and innovating the low-carbon economic theory, as well as establishing a comprehensive theoretical system of energy consumption, carbon emissions and low-carbon economy.     

自动站小时气温数据的质量控制系统研究

逐小时自动站数据对于气象灾害预警、决策服务及预报预测等十分重要。以国家级自动站小时观测气温数据为基础,分析研究了小时气温数据的疑误形式,针对各种疑误数据,利用国家级台站建站以来的日最高、日最低以及4时次(北京时02点、08点、14点、20点)定时观测气温数据,研制形成了适用于中国自动站(区域站和国家站)逐小时气温数据质量控制系统,并将此系统应用到2006-2010年中国27000多自动站小时气温观测数据中。结果表明：区域站的正确率、可疑率、错误率分别为99.43 %、2.24 ‰和3.45 ‰,国家站则分别为99.82 %、1.27 ‰和0.49 ‰;区域站和国家站数据的可疑率相当,但国家站错误率明显比区域站低一个量级。通过历史数据质量控制结果的分析,证明自动站气温质量控制系统设计合理,可以判断出错误和可疑数据,具有可用性。     

Institutional ambiguity in implementing the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive

This article addresses the institutional ambiguity that exists between the European, Regional and Member State levels in the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The two main reasons for the emergence of institutional ambiguity are (1) the MSFD being a framework directive and (2) Member States are required to coordinate the implementation of the MFSD through the Regional Sea Conventions. Institutional ambiguity refers to the interference zone between different institutional settings that come together in new policy practices. New rules of the game are needed to bring these institutional settings together and the room to manoeuvre for the actors who negotiate these rules is a defining feature of institutional ambiguity. This article analyses the institutional ambiguity associated with MSFD implementation on the European and regional level for four European Seas: the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The results indicate different levels of institutional ambiguity in each of the four regions, with the lowest level of ambiguity in the Baltic Sea and the highest in the Mediterranean Sea. Institutional ambiguity also exists on the European level, as coordination efforts have not resulted in clear directions for the implementation of the MSFD as yet. The level of institutional ambiguity is influenced by the relative number of EU member states bordering the particular sea and whether they consider implementation of the MFSD to be urgent. Member States bordering the Mediterranean and the Black Seas lack the support of Regional Sea Conventions in addition to receiving limited direction from the European level.     

北京及周边气溶胶区域影响与大雾相关特征的研究进展

针对2011年12月初北京及华北持续近一周的严重大雾天气这一热点事件,从城市群大雾过程气溶胶区域影响的视角,基于"973"项目"北京及周边地区大气-水-土环境污染机理与调控原理"的研究工作,就北京及周边地区大雾天气与大气气溶胶区域影响的关系等方面进行了讨论.研究表明,北京城市大雾前低空SO₂和NO₂浓度存在"积聚"与"突增"现象.北京及周边地区冬季雾日数和气溶胶光学厚度则呈正相关,并具有"同位相"的年际变化趋势.研究同时发现北京及其南部周边的冬季气溶胶高值区呈南北向带状分布,其与北京周边居民户数高值区有所吻合,反映了冬季北京城市气溶胶颗粒物的远距离影响源区及大尺度输送效应.统计分析指出,冬季北京气溶胶颗粒物PM₁₀、PM_2.5主要影响成分是SO₂和NO_X,且有关研究也表明,电厂、采暖和工业面源是SO₂的三大本地排放源,而机动车、电厂、工业为NO_X的三大本地排放源,上述大气PM₁₀、PM_2.5主成分污染源亦与雾水样本化学分析结果相吻合,即冬季由于燃煤在生活能源中的比例较大,北京雾水中硫元素和碳元素的含量都较高.因此,北京冬季大雾不仅与北京城区气溶胶及其污染排放影响存在相关关系,而且与北京周边天津、河北、山东等地气溶胶及大气污染物的远距离输送和气溶胶区域影响效应有着重要的联系.因此,北京雾霾天气及相关大气污染的治理工作首先要着眼于局地污染物的减排,但同时如何做好区域大气污染的协同治理也是不容忽视的问题.     

甘肃省区域经济非均衡性与人口空间分布研究

甘肃省各地区自然、社会、经济、文化、人口差异很大,影响经济发展和人口分布的因素也各不相同,为了分析清楚甘肃省经济发展与人口空间分布的现状,本文采用2004年最新统计数据对甘肃省经济不均衡性与人口分布的相关关系进行分析。首先通过计算基尼系数和地理联系率,分析比较了甘肃省主要经济部门与人口空间分布的集中与分散程度,然后通过计算地区综合经济指数、文化水平综合均值,分析甘肃省综合经济水平与人口发展的相关关系,从经济部门的内部组成与外部综合经济实力两个方面分析了甘肃省经济与人口分布以及综合经济水平与综合人口素质的空间关系,为甘肃省经济合理布局和适度人口政策的制定提供了参考意见,为地区经济、人口协调可持续发展提供理论基础。     

泉州市县域经济差距研究

区域经济差异的研究历来是区域经济研究的主线。通过运用加权变异系数、锡尔系数和基尼系数等数学方法对泉州市县域经济进行研究,探讨了三次产业以及地区（沿海与内陆）内、地区间对泉州市县域经济发展差距的影响。得出如下结论：（1）泉州市县域经济发展总体差距缩小;（2）第三产业对泉州市县域经济发展差距的贡献率最大,第二产业次之,第一产业最小;（3）地区间的差距对总体差距的贡献呈先上升后下降,而地区内差距特别是沿海内部差距对泉州市县域经济发展差距的的贡献总体呈现上升趋势。     

内蒙古对外开放的地区差异分析

改革开放以来,内蒙古经济获得快速发展,取得可喜成就。但是．各地区的经济发展非常不平衡,地区经济差距显著。本文首先揭示了地区经济差距的现状,然后详细地分析各地区对外开放的差异及对地区经济的影响,并运用数学的回归分析法,进行了相关性分析,结果显示二者之间呈现密切的相关关系。     

世界空港经济发展模式研究

随着经济全球化不断深入、竞争不断加剧,快速反应的物流形式——航空物流在国际货运中的地位不断提高,由航空物流派生出来的航空商务已成为新的经济增长点,发展航空经济已成为世界各国的热点。本文在界定空港经济定义的基础上,分析了产业对空港经济的适应性,总结了全球四种空港经济的产业发展模式,并在宏观层面上提出了空港经济的固层结构,在微观层面上剖析了两种不同的空港经济布局模式。     

Bridges,Tunnels and Their Relationship to the Economic Development on Both Sides of Taiwan Strait

The construction of bridges and tunnels plays an important role in the social and economic development of cities and local regions. The planning of the bridge and tunnel across Taiwan Straits will have a positive effect on the economic development at each stage: preplanning, engineering construction, and the completion of the project. The two sides of Taiwan Straits have the advantage of a suitable location, consanguineous relationship, and appropriate geographic conditions. Currently, there are many economic and cultural communications between both sides of the Straits. The bridge and tunnel from Xiamen to Jinmen can be regarded as the beginning of the “golden link belt.” The total capability for sustainable development of Fujian Province ranks the sixth among 31 provinces in China, which will provide powerful support for the construction of the bridge and tunnel.     

Are African penguins worth saving? The ecotourism value of the Boulders Beach colony

Populations of the African penguin Spheniscus demersus have decreased dramatically over the past century, due in part to competition for food with commercial fisheries, and the species is now endangered as a result. Economic arguments are used to favour fisheries over the needs of penguins, but penguins have direct value to the South African economy thanks to penguin-based tourism at several breeding colonies. We estimated the value of African penguins at the most important tourist site for African penguins: Boulders on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. As a mainland colony close to Cape Town, Boulders is accessible to large numbers of visitors; gate revenues in 2009/2010 alone were R14.5 million (US$2 million). A zonal travel-cost analysis revealed an average consumer surplus among Cape Town residents of some R20 per visit. Penguin-based tourism thus forms an integral part of the R25 billion Western Cape tourism sector. Given that the future survival of this valuable resource is dependent, among others, on the availability of sufficient prey, competition with South Africa's purse-seine fishing fleet should be limited through management strategies that lessen the potential effects of fishing on prey available at the local scale.