Selection of regional historical rainfall time series as input to urban drainage simulations at ungauged locations

It has become established practice during the past 20 years to use high-resolution historical rainfall time series as input to hydrological model packages for detailed simulation of urban drainage systems. However, sufficiently long rain series are rarely available from the exact catchment in question and simulations are hence often based on available rain series from other locations. Extreme rainfall properties of importance to the performance of urban storm drainage systems vary significantly even in regions with only minor physiographic differences. Part of this variation can be explained by regional variations of the mean annual rainfall and the remaining statistical residue can be interpreted as statistical uncertainty.In Denmark, more than 75 high-resolution rain gauges are installed across a total area of 43,000 m. About 40 gauges had sufficiently long records to be included in a comprehensive national investigation where newly developed statistical regionalisation procedures were used to model the regional variation of extreme rainfalls. On this basis, a spreadsheet model was made available for estimation of extreme design rainfalls and the associated uncertainty at any location in the country. Statistics were furthermore computed to classify historical rainfall time series according to the developed regional model, and this makes it possible to assess the uncertainty related with using different historical rain series for simulations at ungauged locations.This research indicates that use of historical point rainfall data at ungauged locations introduces a significant uncertainty that is largely overlooked in today's practice. The engineering recommendation is to select historical rain series based on an evaluation of the local physiographic characteristics (e.g., the mean annual rainfall) and a (pre-defined) desired safety level of the simulations.     

绿色招商与县域经济可持续发展——以河南省为例

以河南省县域经济发展为例论述了招商引资对于县域经济发展的重要性,并从可持续发展的角度对当前全民招商的现象进行了反思.在此基础上,讨论了绿色招商的内涵和主要原则,指出绿色招商和循环经济是实现县域经济可持续发展的关键所在.根据县城经济发展的特点,以河南省新郑市和义马市循环经济发展为例,从理论和实证的角度,对县域农业和工业循环经济两大体系构建进行了论述,并对县域绿色招商中应注意的问题,如市场有效性、招商载体构建、实体虚拟产业循环结合等进行了探讨.     

中国第三次"资源环境经济论坛"研讨会综述

中国第三次“资源环境经济论坛”研讨的问题包括排污权交易的市场化、新形势下的城乡关系、加入WTO和世界经济一体化进程中中国产业竞争力的培养、中国能源战略的选择、防灾减灾制度和大气环境的治理等。     

甘肃省区域化探方法技术和主要成果

20世纪 70年代末 ,微量元素分析技术的提高和区域化探工作方法的提出 ,为全国区域化探扫面奠定了基础。甘肃省自 1979年开始 ,到 2 0 0 1年止 ,根据不同的地球化学景观 ,采用不同的工作方法 ,完成了全省 4 0 4万km2 范围内的全部可工作区的 1∶2 0万区域化探工作 ,发现了大水等Au矿床 (田 )。甘肃省的Au高背景区域主要分布在西秦岭及祁连山西段 ,元素组合主要是Au、As、Sb、Hg、Ag、Pb、Cd、Bi、W、Mo、Cu、Zn等。通过对甘肃省区域化探 2 0余年走过的历程和取得的成果的综述与分析 ,在战略指导思想、方法技术对策、成绩成果评估和新世纪发展方向等方面进行了有益的探索和讨论。     

谈市场条件下隧洞工程的经营管理工作

论述了在市场条件下从事隧洞工程经营工作中的信息网络建立，项目的论证与投标以及内部招标的有关问题，旨在探讨市场条件下如何提高隧洞工程的经营工作水平。     

区域趋势控制协变量回归分析效果评估方法研究

本文根据区域趋势控制和气象－物理协变量相关设计了三套非随机化人工增雨作业效果评估方案，个例作用区域趋势对比双比分析评估方案，区域趋势相关回归分析评估方案和气象－物理协变量多元回归分析评估方案，对河南省实例评估计算表明，利用物理协变量作为控制因子，可以提高作业区自然水量估计值的准确度，从而能提高随机化作业的效果评估效率。     

Modelling Regional Scale Surface Energy Exchanges And Cbl Growth In A Heterogeneous, Urban-Rural Landscape

Over the last decade, simple models of theconvective boundary layer (CBL) have beensuggested as an approach to inferring regionallyaveraged land-air exchanges of heat, water and tracegases, because the properties of the CBL respond toan average of the underlying small-scaleheterogeneity. This paper explores the use of anintegral CBL method to infer regionally averagedfluxes in a landscape that has at least three majorsources of heterogeneity – irrigated andnon-irrigated rural land use and a large urban area(Sacramento region, California).The first part of the paper assesses the validity ofthe simple slab model of the CBL – this isintegrated forwards in time using local-scalemeasured heat and water vapour fluxes, to predictmixed-layer depth, temperature and humidity. Of thefour different CBL growth schemes used, the Tennekesand Driedonks model is found to give the bestperformance. Evaluation of the model performancewith different weightings of heat and water vapourfluxes based on the land use characteristics in theregion suggest that the source area for theboundary-layer sonde measurements is larger thanphysically-based estimates would suggest.Finally, measured time series of potentialtemperature are used to infer regionally averagedsensible heat fluxes using an integral CBL (ICBL)method. These ICBL fluxes are compared with thosemeasured at the local scale over the three land usetypes that comprise the region of interest. They arefound to be closest to the heat fluxes calculated byappropriately weighting the measured heat fluxes inthe source area calculated for the ICBL. We concludethat the integral CBL budget method providesadequate estimates of regionally-averaged surfaceheat fluxes in a landscape that is characterised bysurface types with distinctly different surfaceenergy budgets.     

四川省经济发展水平的区域差异研究

该文论述行政区划调整后的四川省区域经济发展水平的评价指标体系 ,利用层次分析法确定各指标权重 ,根据 1997年社会经济统计数据对全省 2 0个地市州进行综合评价 ,采用Ward聚类法进行系统聚类分析 ,将全省划分为四大经济发展梯度区 ,分析其区域差异的空间特征 ,探讨它的经济发展对策。     

中国西部地区外向型经济发展比较研究

基于外向型经济战略在众多发展中国家和地区获得成功，贸易和投资自由化正成为世界经济增长的发动机，文章分析了经济全球化背景下中国西部地区在对外贸易、引进外资及国际旅游创汇方面的差距与不足，提出了中国西部地区外向型经济发展的战略对策和建议，旨在推动中国西部大开发。     

新世纪广西的区域开发与可持续发展

分析了广西的基本区情条件，揭示了广西区域开发格局的空间变动趋势，提出了广西新世纪实施可持续发展战略的举措，即加强以交通为主的基础设施建设，开发以洪水河为主的水能资源，加快建设成为南中国西南东输的枢纽；调整和优化产业结构，确立主导产业的市场地位，提升优势产业的市场竞争力；加快城乡转型的进程，提高城镇化的水平和质量，控制人口增长、提高人口质量，治理环境污染；制度创新， 优化经济布局的区域结构。