声学地层剖面探测技术在金州湾人工岛场址勘察中的应用

声学地层剖面探测是一种基于声学原理的连续走航式探测水下地层结构和构造的地球物理方法,由于其灵敏度和分辨率高、连续性好且能高效地探测水下地层的地质特征及其分布而在海洋工程勘察中得到了广泛应用。拟在渤海金州湾海域内建造一座人工岛,场址沉积的地层是自晚更新世以来伴随着海平面升降和海侵海退过程而逐渐形成的,自上而下依次为:浅海相淤泥或淤泥质粉质黏土、滨海相淤泥、陆相黏土、滨海相粉质黏土、海陆交互相黏土和粉质黏土。通过对典型声学地层剖面的综合分析和解释,识别出了8个连续的强声学反射界面,主要划定了具有沉积环境意义的6个声学层序,查明了现代沉积层的厚度分布和基岩面埋深状况等;并与工程地质钻孔的沉积地层岩性单元对比研究,发现依据声学地层剖面进行的地层划分与钻孔岩芯的地质地层划分有较好的对应关系,由此确定并推断了地层的沉积相。     

界面和速度反射联合成像──理论与方法

依据波逆行原理重新推导了由地震波反射走时资料反演界面深度的关系式──走时对界面偏导数关系,它不仅适用于反射波,也适用于透射波．还给出了任意多个复杂界面情况下走时对界面偏导数关系的离散形式．另外,正交算子投影法被推广用来解决速度与界面的同时成像问题．数值模拟的结果表明,本文的方法是有效的．     

成层介质中交流电测井响应

本文给出了纵向成层、径向不均匀介质中轴对称电磁波的反射阵和透射阵的递推公式．用这些阵可以计算交流电测并响应,包括感应测并和深探测电磁波传播测井（ＤＰＴ）．同时还给出了幅度基函数和斜度基函数,它们分别＂支撑＂起结点上函数的幅度和斜度．     

波动方程有限差分法叠前深度偏移

从地震叠前反射椭圆方程出发,本文导出了基于波动理论的共偏移距地震剖面叠前偏移方程,然后对此方程进行参考速度场中的浮动坐标变换,获得了叠前深度偏移方程．为了解决叠前衍射方程中含有对深度的二阶导数引起波场延拓成像的不适定问题,文中采用低阶偏微分方程组近似描述全上行波的办法,得到了衍射方程的高阶近似方程,并给出了计算衍射方程和折射方程稳定的差分格式,最后用此方法编制的程序对某一碳酸岩地区的地震资料进行了试处理,效果良好．     

Vertical exaggeration of reflection seismic data in geoscience publications 2006-2010

Reflection seismic data is widely-used in industry and academia. It is often interpreted and displayed with considerable vertical exaggeration. Vertical exaggeration is defined as the vertical to horizontal aspect ratio of a reflection seismic cross section in depth. Recent literature is reviewed here to quantify for the first time the extent and typical values of vertical exaggeration in published work. Results are collated from 1437 papers published in 68 journals in the period 2006-2010. This broad scope is intended to provide a global view but it does not claim to be exhaustive. One example from each paper was analysed. Depth conversion was necessary in 74% of cases (every case of time-domain seismic with vertical exaggeration not stated). The main findings are that only 12% of papers use aspect ratios with vertical scale set approximately equal to horizontal scale (vertical exaggeration in the range 0.8-1.2). 75% of papers use reflection seismic with vertical exaggeration greater than 2. Splits of the data in terms of shallow high resolution seismic and deep, crustal imaging seismic were also obtained. The cause of this very widespread vertical exaggeration of reflection seismic cross sections is generally some form of display optimisation, such as emphasis of stratigraphic architectures or displaying long sections that would otherwise not fit on screen, or effects related to seismic sampling, but a specific reason is rarely stated. Angular relationships in stratigraphic and structural architectures are distorted so commonly that true geometries are rarely seen, which becomes an issue if readers are unfamiliar with these geometries. There is a clear opportunity for authors who display and publish reflection seismic data to annotate an estimate of vertical exaggeration alongside other standard annotation on seismic displays.     

A highly wave dissipation offshore breakwater

The aim of this paper is to develop an offshore breakwater, for which coefficients of both the wave reflection and transmission have low values. The breakwater is suggested to compose of n layers of porous materials with different porosities. A complex eigen function method is used in the theoretical analysis. Continuities of both mass flux and fluid pressure are assumed at interfaces between every two adjoining porous materials and at the interface between end materials and water region. Following a series of mathematical processes, the coefficients of the wave transmission and reflection along with the wave energy loss are calculated. The porosity of materials is varied in computations; and results are compared among structures composing of different layers of porous materials. A single layer offshore breakwater is shown to reduce simultaneously the coefficients of transmission and reflection only when the structure is very wide in the direction of wave propagation, and the structure material has a high porosity. A multilayer breakwater, however, can function well in reducing both coefficients at a much narrower width; structure having more layers can be more effective at narrower width. Finally, several experiments are conducted; theoretical computations and experimental results agree well.     

Wave interaction with an upright breakwater structure

Breakwaters are often built in coastal waters to facilitate navigation and recreation, both inside and outside regions of the breakwater. This requires that the reflection and transmission characteristics of the structure be both minimized at the same time. This is achieved by a design that will allow dissipation of wave energy by multiple reflection. Such structures will need the knowledge of these characteristics in their design. Model tests were performed on a shallow water breakwater concept of this type to determine the reflection and transmission coefficients. The concept of the breakwater was to reduce both the reflection and transmission of waves. It was found that the breakwater design was effective at certain wave characteristics. Nondimensional loads and local pressures on the breakwater panels are also reported which will facilitate the structural design of such breakwaters.     

Wave characteristics past a flexible fishnet

The scattering of surface waves by a flexible fishnet is studied analytically. The fishnet is modelled as a porous flexible barrier displaced solely by hydrodynamic force like a catenary. The objective is to investigate how a flexible permeable barrier affects the passing waves in the way they are transmitted and reflected, as observed by the fact that the water inside a fishfarm surrounded by fishnets is significantly calmer than that outside. The boundary value problems are solved by defining the reflection coefficient in terms of velocity potential and then the full solutions are obtained by suitable application of the eigenfunction expansion method and the least squares approximation method. The variations of the reflection coefficient, hydrodynamic pressure, barrier deformation and surface wave elevation are determined with respect to the barrier length, porosity and stiffness. It is observed that as the fishnet gets more flexible, its deformation increases and the reflection coefficient decreases, whereas as the fishnet gets more porous, more water can pass through it and thus the reflection coefficient, barrier deformation and the hydrodynamic force are reduced. The flexibility of the barrier behaves like its porosity by allowing more wave energy to act on it through its deformation and hence reduce the reflection and hydrodynamic force of the incident waves acting on the barrier.     

The Kefalonia Transform Zone (offshore Western Greece) with special emphasis to its prolongation towards the Ionian Abyssal Plain

Information concerning two seismic lines, the first located northwest of the Lefkada Island and the second from the deep Ionian basin to the gulf of Patras, is used to trace the Kefalonia Transform Zone (KTZ) and to explore its relation with the sedimentary sequences and the deeper geologic structures in the study area. In addition, sea bottom topography and fault plane solutions are combined in order to explore the prolongation of the KTZ into the Ionian Abyssal Plain (IoAP) and to describe its properties. The boundary between the subduction of the eastern Mediterranean oceanic crust under the overriding continental crust and the KTZ is well constrained by the seismic data in association with seismicity and regional stress field. The southern prolongation of the KTZ is located in the IoAP towards the direction between Kefalonia and Zakynthos Islands at depth greater than 15 km. The southern part of the KTZ exhibits a strike–slip motion with a thrust component according to fault plane solutions of moderate and strong earthquakes. The seismic section mostly confirms the existence of the thrust component and gives information about the tectonic status east and west of the KTZ.     

岫岩陨石撞击坑结构高精度地震探测研究

我国的岫岩陨石撞击坑位于辽东半岛北部低山丘陵地区,直径1.8 km,保存完好,已被多方面的证据证实为陨石撞击坑.陨石的撞击和此后的沉积作用在坑内形成了特殊的地球物理场,使坑内与坑外的介质在速度、密度等方面存在差异.本次通过采用反射和折射地震相结合的探测方法,利用陨石撞击所形成的岩石的地震波速度和波阻抗差异,获得了陨石坑的速度结构、地层结构和整体形态.根据地层反射特征,直接撞击形成的区域为直径约1.8 km、深度800 m左右的坑体;受撞击影响的深度约1.4 km.撞击坑的结构分为慢速沉积区、快速沉积区和影响区三部分.根据撞击坑的地震波速度特征,在撞击坑的中心约800 m深度地震波的速度已达到7.0 km/s,且速度7.0 km/s的等值线与坑体形态一致,坑的边缘在500~600 m深度地震波的速度已达到7.0 km/s.坑体的结构和岩石的这些物性参数都进一步证实了岫岩陨石坑的陨石撞击起源.