中国大陆科学钻探孔区反射地震剖面的数值模拟与分析

本初步分析了苏鲁超高压变质带大陆科学钻探孔区的地震波速度结构，在此基础上对在东海孔区三维反射地震勘探过井孔的NNW-SSE主剖面和该周围地区的DH99二维反射地震剖面进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明，数值理论模拟结果与三维反射主剖面地震波到时吻合良好，模拟法能实现有效的时深转换，也表明数值模拟中采用的速度结构是合理的。东海钻井孔区实施反射地震勘测，所得地震记录剖面图是单一P波记录，在超高压变质岩区反射地震记录图中S波的影响甚微。DH99二维反射地震剖面的模拟结果表明东海孔区2000米深度以上的密度，波速结构不随深度加大而变化；而且苏鲁超高压变质岩区地表浅层的地震波速和密度较高，是高速高密地区。岩心结果反映的反射地震阻抗差大的地段，数值模拟的理论剖面上强反射面与孔区反射地震剖面图中的强反射体基本吻合．它意味着在非沉积层的结晶岩区，反射地震勘测手段是研究地下复杂结构的有效方法。数值模拟方法可以进一步提取地震反射记录信息，是利用地震反射方法研究地球构造的一种有效的方法。     

Reflection–refraction seismics in the Gulf of Corinth: hints at deep structure and control of the deep marine basin

The Gulf of Corinth is a natural laboratory for the study of seismicity and crustal deformation during continental extension. Seismic profiling along its axis provides a 24-fold normal-incidence seismic reflection profile and wide-angle reflection–refraction profiles recorded by sea-bottom seismometers (OBS) and land seismometers. At wide-angle incidence, the land receivers document the Moho at 40-km depth under the western end of the Gulf north of Aigion, rising to 32-km depth under the northern coast in the east of the Gulf. Both refraction and normal-incidence reflection sections image the basement under the deep marine basin that has formed by recent extension. The depth to the base of the sedimentary basin beneath the Gulf, constrained by both methods, is no more than 2.7 km, with 1 km of water underlain by no more than 1.7 km of sediment, less than what was expected from past modeling of uplift of the south coast in the East of the Gulf. Unlike the flat sea-bottom, the basement and sedimentary interfaces show topography along this axial line. Several deeps are identified as depocenters, which suggest that this axial line is not a strike line to the basin. It appears instead to be controlled by several faults, oblique to the S60°E overall trend of the south coast of the Gulf, their more easterly strikes being consistent with the instantaneous direction of extension measured by earthquake slip vectors and by GPS.     

二维反射地震成象—界面与速度的联合反演

介绍了利用反射走时联合反演地震界面起伏形态和速度横向分布的方法。正问题采用了一种简单而有效的二维介质中两点射线追踪方法，反问题在广义最小二乘意义下求解，描述界面和速度的两类参数不必要先进行分离，数值模拟的结果表明方法是有效的。处理了通过唐山震区的各庄－丰南－丰宁深地震测深剖面，得到了意义的结果。     

Experimental determination of wavelengths in the presence of a mean current

This paper describes a simple method for determining the wavelength of small amplitude waves under laboratory conditions where reflected wave components are present both with and without a mean current flow superimposed. It assumes a locally horizontal bed but requires no a priori assumption concerning the form of the dispersion relation with a coexisting current. Synchronous measurements of the water surface recorded along any straight line are analysed to yield Fourier coefficients at each location. It is then shown that for all practical conditions excluding a perfect standing wave, the average rate of change of wave phase in the chosen direction can be related directly to the component of incident wave number in that direction, irrespective of reflection coefficient or relative current strength. The technique has been applied to regular and bichromatic waves in a flume with an absorbing wave generator, and can also be applied in 3-D wave basins where waves and currents intersect at arbitrary angles. In combined wave–current experiments, by assuming the linear dispersion relation, it is also possible to estimate the effective current velocity.     

Topographic reflection of the Socompa debris avalanche,Chile

One of the most remarkable features of the exceptionally well preserved 26 km³ Socompa debris avalanche deposit is the evidence for topographically driven secondary flow. The avalanche formed by sector collapse of Socompa stratovolcano and spread 40 km across a pre-existing basin, forming a sheet of ∼50 m average thickness. As the avalanche impinged on the western and northern margins of the basin, it was reflected back, forming a secondary flow that continued to travel 15 km down a gentle slope at an oblique angle to the primary flow, the front of the return wave being preserved frozen on the surface of the deposit as a prominent escarpment. Satellite images, aerial photos, digital elevation models and field observations were used to reconstruct the sequence of events during avalanche emplacement, and in particular during secondary flow. The avalanche sheet was divided into distinct terrane groups, each believed to have experienced a particular strain history during emplacement. Evidence for avalanche reflection includes clearly recognizable secondary slide masses, sub-parallel sets of curvilinear shear zones, headwall scarps separating the (primary) levée from the secondary terranes, extensional jigsaw breakup of surface lithologies during return flow, and cross cutting, or deflection, of primary flow fabrics by secondary terranes. Reflection off the basin margin took place in an essentially continuous manner, most major return motions being simultaneous with, or shortly following, primary flow. The secondary flow occurred as a wave that swept obliquely across the primary avalanche direction, remobilizing the primary material, which was first compressed, then stretched, as it passed over and rearward of the wave front. As return flow occurred, surface lithologies were rifted in a brittle manner, and the slabs were sheared pervasively as they glided and rotated back into the basin; some sank into the more fluidal interior of the avalanche, which drained out into a prominent distal lobe. Extension by factors of up to 1.8 took place during return flow. Secondary flow took place on slopes of only a few degrees, and the distal lobe flowed 8 km on a slope of ∼1°. Overall the avalanche is inferred to have slid into place as a fast-moving sheet of fragmental rock debris, with a leading edge and crust with near-normal friction and an almost frictionless, fluidal interior and base. The avalanche emplacement history deduced from field evidence is consistent with the results of a previously published numerical model of the Socompa avalanche.     

基于层状双孔介质的地震波反射和透射系数频散特性研究

本文研究了纵波垂直入射情况下两种介质分界面处的纵波反射和透射系数的频散特性,分界面上下两侧分别为层状双孔页岩介质和层状双孔砂岩介质.当纵波沿垂直于分界面的方向传播至分界面处时,会在上层双孔介质中产生三类反射纵波,在下层双孔介质中产生三类透射纵波.基于层状双孔介质的特性,给出了分界面处的六个边界条件.根据层状双孔介质的波动方程,利用平面波分析得到了纵波的反射和透射系数.结果表明：当多孔介质中存在流体时,纵波的反射和透射系数与频率相关,即存在频散现象.波致流体流动是造成纵波反射和透射系数频散的主要原因.此外,结果还表明局部流体流动引起地震频带内反射和透射系数的频散,宏观Biot流引起超声频带内反射和透射系数的频散.本文同时对岩石参数对反射和透射系数频散曲线的影响进行了研究.     

数据域特征波反射走时反演

地震波的运动学信息(走时、斜率等)通常用于宏观速度建模.针对走时反演方法,一个基本问题是走时拾取或反射时差的估计.对于成像域反演方法,可以通过成像道集的剩余深度差近似计算反射波时差.在数据域中,反射地震观测数据是有限频带信号,如果不能准确地确定子波的起跳时间,难以精确地确定反射波的到达时间.另一方面,如果缺乏关于模型的先验信息,则很难精确测量自地下同一个反射界面的观测数据同相轴和模拟数据同相轴之间的时差.针对走时定义及时差测量问题,首先从叠前地震数据的稀疏表达出发,利用特征波场分解方法,提取反射子波并估计局部平面波的入射和出射射线参数.进一步,为了实现自动和稳定的走时拾取,用震相的包络极值对应的时间定义反射波的到达时,实现了立体数据中间的自动生成.理论上讲,利用包络极值定义的走时大于真实的反射波走时,除非观测信号具有无限带宽(即delta脉冲).然而,走时反演的目的是估计中-大尺度的背景速度结构,因此走时误差导致的速度误差仍然在可以接受的误差范围内.利用局部化传播算子及特征波聚焦成像条件将特征波数据直接投影到地下虚拟反射点,提出了一种新的反射时差估计方法.既避免了周期跳跃现象以及串层等可能性,又消除了振幅因素对时差测量的影响.最后,在上述工作基础之上,提出了一种基于特征波场分解的新型全自动反射走时反演方法(CWRTI).通过对泛函梯度的线性化近似,并用全变差正则化方法提取梯度的低波数部分,实现了背景速度迭代反演.在理论上,无需长偏移距观测数据或低频信息、对初始模型依赖性低且计算效率高,可以为后续的全波形反演提供可靠的初始速度模型.理论和实际资料的测试结果证明了本文方法的有效性.     

黏声方程Q值反射波反演

地震波在非弹性介质中的衰减效应常用品质因子Q度量.相对准确的Q模型对提高强衰减介质中地震波成像的质量至关重要.本文提出了黏声介质反射波形反演(QRWI)方法来重建地下宏观Q模型.在缺乏大偏移距和低频地震数据时,该方法以黏声波方程为波场传播引擎,利用反射波核函数对模型中深部的敏感性去提取背景Q值.当速度高、低波数成分均已知时,基于波形拟合的QRWI可以获得较高分辨率的反演结果.由于地下介质速度的高波数扰动很难准确估计,本文通过引入峰值频移目标函数,极大地降低了QRWI对速度高波数成分的依赖.理论合成数据实验结果表明,本文方法反演得到的宏观Q模型可以满足衰减补偿逆时偏移成像的要求.     

基于方位各向异性的裂缝密度反演方法及应用

裂缝预测是页岩气甜点预测的重要内容.页岩气储层高角度裂缝发育,具有明显的HTI介质各向异性特征,基于各向异性参数与裂缝密度的相关性,提出了一种裂缝密度反演的新方法.首先推导了一种能反映裂缝密度的方位AVO近似公式及其方位弹性阻抗方程(EVAAz方程);然后应用贝叶斯理论,形成了组稀疏方位弹性阻抗反演目标泛函,在此基础上...     

A model for obliquely incident wave interacting with a multi-layered object

This paper presents an analytical solution for scattering of oblique incident, small amplitude, monochromatic wave trains by a stationary rigid multi-layered objects with rectangular cross-section. The object is infinite long and consists of multilayers, which can be either solid or permeable. This paper extends the previous work by Hu and Liu [1] from normal incident wave condition with a special object configuration to oblique incident waves with multi-layered object. The present model is validated with several existing solutions for normal/oblique waves interacting with a single object; excellent agreement is observed. New numerical results are presented to investigate the effects of incidence angle on reflection, transmission and energy loss coefficients for a combined floating and bottom-mounted permeable breakwater. A new floating board-cage breakwater is developed from the present model and its solutions are discussed in detail. A computer program, AWAS-P, has been updated so that it is applicable for both oblique and normal incident waves, while the object is multi-layered.