吉林省大气降水氚浓度恢复的区域模型探讨

历年大气降水氚浓度资料是模拟地下水运动和自然界水循环的基础,我国缺失１９５３￣１９７８年降水氚浓度系列观测资料。为再现这段历史,本文采用趋势分析,ａｇｒａｎｇｅ插值及相关模拟等方法,建立了吉林省大气降水氚浓度恢复的区域模型（Ⅰ,Ⅱ）,最后对区内典型站的降水氚浓度进行了恢复。     

厌氧条件下土壤反硝化气体(N2、N2O、NO)和CO2排放——氦环境培养—气体同步直接测定法的应用初探

反硝化过程是维系闭合氮循环所必需的氮素形态转化环节。土壤反硝化过程速率及产物比的直接测定是研究氮循环过程机理的基础,但却是一个难题。为解决此难题,德国卡尔斯鲁厄技术研究所与中国科学院大气物理研究所最近合作新建了一套通过氦环境培养-气体同步直接测定土壤反硝化气体--氮气（N2）、氧化亚氮（N2O）、一氧化氮（NO）和二氧化碳（CO2）排放的系统和与之配套的三阶段培养方法。为检验该新建系统和配套方法测定土壤反硝化过程的准确性和可靠性,以华北地区广泛分布的盐碱地农田土壤（采自山西运城）为研究对象开展实验室培养试验,在初始可溶性有机碳（DOC）供应比较充足约300 mgC kg–1干土（d.s.）的条件下,测试了不同初始土壤硝态氮含量水平（10、100 mgN kg–1d.s.左右,分别表示为10N和100N）的反硝化气体和CO2排放过程。结果显示：100N的反硝化速率（定义为N2、N2O 和NO 排放速率之和）显著高于10N 处理（统计检验显著水平p＜0.01）;两个处理的反硝化产物均以N2为主（质量比分别占77%和75%）,产物的NO/N2O摩尔比分别为1.2和1.5,N2O/N2摩尔比均为0.19;土壤反硝化气体动态排放速率及相关指标的测定结果表明,培养土壤中消失的硝态氮被回收81%～87%,培养前后的氮平衡率达92%～95%。因此,该新建方法测定土壤反硝化速率和产物比的结果具有很好的可靠性,为定量研究土壤反硝化过程提供了有效的直接测定手段。研究中检测到的土壤反硝化产物NO/N2O摩尔比大于1,不同于以往用液体培养基纯培养反硝化细菌得出的NO/N2O摩尔比远小于1的结论。这意味着,不能用NO/N2O摩尔比小于1与否来推断土壤排放的N2O和NO是主要来源于反硝化作用还是硝化作用。     

铟的富集与回收工艺、技术

综述了铟的富集与回收工艺、技术。对萃取过程中的萃取剂、温度、pH值等因素做了相关总结;对液膜法、浸渍树脂技术、溶剂微胶囊技术新方法进行了介绍和评述。     

Spatio-temporal changes of marine macrobenthic community in sub-tropical waters upon recovery from eutrophication. II. Life-history traits and feeding guilds of polychaete community

A two-year study was conducted in the vicinity of a harbour in sub-tropical Hong Kong, to examine the progress of recovery of macrobenthic community, based on analyses of both life-history traits and trophic guilds of polychaetes, upon cessation of organic pollution caused by sewage discharge. Seventy seven out of 83 species collected were classified under four ecological groups based on the life-history traits and sensitivity to organic gradients. The mean ATZI marine biotic index (AMBI) derived from these ecological groups showed spatial difference among the five sampling locations. In particular, the presence of different percentages of polychaete species from Groups III (unbalanced community) and IV (polluted community) suggested the presence of pollution stress in certain degree at all sampling locations. However, no significant temporal changes were noted over the study period. From all polychaete species identified, they were classified into 13 feeding guilds. The mean diversity of these feeding guilds at most of the sampling locations was significantly higher than that at one of the inside-harbour locations. The composition of feeding guilds was also significantly different spatially. At one of the inside-harbour locations, the dominant feeding guilds were motile/discretely motile surface deposit feeders with tentaculates or unarmed pharynx, and motile omnivores with jawed pharynx in the first year of study, but were replaced by motile, jawed carnivores in the second year of study. The increased proportion of carnivores over the study period can be seen as a sign of recovery in the community structure since abundance of predators is commonly higher in habitats with better environmental quality. The implications of using life-history traits and feeding guild analyses for benthic community are discussed.     

天然海藻絮凝剂海藻酸钠回收带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)鱼糜漂洗液中蛋白质的研究

采用海藻酸钠絮凝剂法、双缩脲法、重铬酸钾回流氧化等方法,研究了回收带鱼鱼糜漂洗液中蛋白质的最佳条件,以期为鱼糜漂洗液蛋白质的利用提供参考。结果表明,海藻酸钠回收带鱼鱼糜漂洗液蛋白质的最佳条件为:海藻酸钠添加量为1.11mg/ml,鱼糜漂洗液蛋白浓度16.54mg/ml,pH4.6,温度4℃,处理时间20min;在此条件下蛋白质回收率达86.68%,COD去除率达58.67%。实验表明海藻酸钠对鱼糜漂洗液蛋白质去除效果非常显著。     

Determination of recovery factor for simulation of non-equilibrium sedimentation in reservoir

It is generally acceptable to assume that bed material load is equal to sediment transport capacity, if the exchange between bed and flow occurs instantaneously. However, for non-equilibrium sediment t...     

Effect of an oil spill from M V Sea Transporter on intertidal meiofauna at Goa,India

Short and long term effects of a fuel oil spill from a grounded ship "M V Sea Transporter" on meiofauna of a sandy beach of central West Coast of India were investigated. A significant reduction in the absolute abundance of meiofauna was observed immediately after 3 days of spillage particularly at Sinquerim beach, the site of spillage. The reduction was most pronounced in density of nematodes and harpacticoid copepods, which were the most dominant groups. Long-term response showed no apparent oil-induced changes at major taxa levels. The population density improved considerably after the cessation of monsoons with a parallel decrease in petroleum hydrocarbon concentration in the sediment. Nematodes recovered more quickly than benthic copepods. No evidence for this could be due to reproductive dynamics in meiobentos. Although the effect of the oil on meiofauna could be seen initially it could not be proved conclusively on a long-term basis. The effects of the oil spill were confounded with seasonal monsoon effects and beach dynamics. The nematode:copepod ratio and the index of trophic diversity (ITD) were inadequate for detecting oil pollution effects. Therefore it may be concluded that in the presence of other environmental factors acting strongly, the effects of oil on meiofauna was strong but of a temporary nature.     

岩石非弹性应变恢复(ASR)地应力测试方法中柔度研究进展评述

本文通过分析国内外非弹性应变恢复(ASR)法地应力测量研究现状,并对ASR法中重要的柔度参数作了系统整理,认为该测量方法在理论上逐渐趋于成熟,在技术应用上有广阔的前景,但该地应力测量原理中,针对温度、应力环境(作用应力)对ASR岩石柔度影响的研究相对较少,还存在一些缺陷,为此提出了该地应力测试方法有待改进或补充的建议,为完善ASR法地应力测量原理指明了研究方向,对今后ASR地应力测量技术的完善和发展具有重要的意义。     

张家界市退耕还林的生态经济效益分析

湖南省张家界森林生态系统服务功能退化制约了山区经济的可持续发展,“退耕还林”是恢复森林生态系统服务功能价值的主要手段。以张家界退耕还林森林生态系统的恢复为例,综合运用资源经济学、生态经济学的理论和方法,评估了退耕还林区森林恢复后的生态服务功能价值量,得出了退耕还林后所产生的生态经济效益为42 790.73×104元,增加了11.9倍。说明只有恢复张家界地区森林生态环境,保护好张家界地区的森林资源,才能实现张家界森林资源的可持续利用,保证山区经济的可持续发展。