KV法在判定岩体完整性中的应用

使用某花岗岩体内16个钻孔的资料,用KV法分别对该岩体的强、中等、微风化层的完整性作出判断,并与钻孔揭示的实际情况进行比对,结果证明:在具备大量、较准确的波速测试数据的前提下,用KV法判断岩石的完整性所得出的结论和实际情况几乎完全一致。     

玉林市近50年来干旱的发生规律及防御对策

根据玉林市春、夏、秋三个季节干旱对农业生产的影响，参照历年的旱情资料，确定出干旱的农业气象指标，分析47a来干旱的时空分布规律和特点，并针对玉林市的具体情况提出一些防御干旱的对策。     

高CO2条件下贝加尔针毛对土壤干旱胁迫响应的试验研究

贝加尔针毛 (Stipa baicalensis) 是我国内蒙古东部和东北西部主要的地带性植被之一。通过人工模拟试验分析了CO₂浓度升高对贝加尔针毛的“施肥”效应, 结果表明:贝加尔针毛的生物量、生长量随CO₂浓度的升高而增加, 根中P的含量、叶中C、N、P的含量也随CO₂浓度的升高而增加。土壤干旱胁迫对贝加尔针毛的生物量、生长量的影响均为负效应, 且干旱程度的加重使影响更明显。干旱使针毛叶、根中的C、N含量增加。     

华北地区干旱的气候背景及其前兆强信号

将华北地区春、夏季出现异常干旱和多雨典型年份的 5 0 0hPa高度和北太平洋海温的距平进行合成 ,讨论了干旱期和多雨期大气环流和海洋变化的气候背景特征。结果表明 ,华北地区的干旱期和多雨期间的大气环流和海温变化存在趋势性差异。以 3个特旱年为例 ,使用信噪比的方法识别发生特别干旱的前期大气、海洋的强信号。虽然 3个特旱年的前期大气和海洋表现出的强信号的位置和强度并不完全一致 ,但是乌拉尔山脉附近和贝加尔湖附近高度的异常变化及黑潮、暖池及Nino 4区东部附近海温的异常变化是值得注意的前兆信号     

Summer and winter drought in a cold desert ecosystem (Colorado Plateau) part I: effects on soil water and plant water uptake

We investigated the effects of winter and summer drought on plants of the Colorado Plateau in western North America. This winter-cold, summer-hot desert region receives both winter and summer precipitation. Droughts were imposed for two consecutive years using rainout shelters. Here, we examine drought effects on the hydrologic interactions between plants and soil. We chose three perennial species for this study, representing different rooting patterns and responsiveness to precipitation pulses: Oryzopsis hymenoides, a perennial bunch grass with shallow roots; Gutierrezia sarothrae, a subshrub with dimorphic roots; and Ceratoides lanata, a predominantly deep-rooted woody shrub. Drought effects on plant water status were qualitatively similar among species, despite morphological differences. Summer drought affected the water status of all species more negatively than winter drought. Isotopic analysis of stem water revealed that all three species took up deeper soil water under drought conditions and shallow soil water after a large rainfall event in summer. Thus all three species appeared to use the same water sources most of the time. However, after a particularly dry summer, only the deepest-rooted species continued to take up soil water, while the more shallow-rooted species were either dead or dormant. Our study suggests therefore that increased occurrence of summer drought could favor the most deep-rooted species in ecosystem.     

黑河流域叶面积指数的遥感估算

研究利用Landsat7ETM⁺遥感数据获取黑河流域植被叶面积指数(LAI)空间分布的可行性。该研究是基于黑河流域分布式水文模型的一个重要输入项———LAI空间分布数据的需要而产生的。文章在详尽的野外观测数据基础上,分别探究实测LAI与同时相ETM⁺3、4、5、7波段反射率及相关植被指数(SR、NDVI、ARVI、RSR、SAV I、PVI、GESAVI)的相关关系,率定最佳的LAI遥感反演及其空间分布方案。研究发现,针对特定的自然条件,将研究区分为植被覆盖度小的稀疏立地和覆盖度大的密集立地,分别采用土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)和大气阻抗植被指数(ARVI)进行2种林地的LAI估算最为可靠,在此基础上,提出黑河地区LAI估算及其空间分布的遥感制图方案。     

湖南省主要城市大气环境质量状况分析

根据近两年《环境保护报》每周一次的湖南省主要城市空气质量周报资料，采用综合污染指数法，统计分析出湖南省13个主要城市空气质量总体较好，在Ⅱ级标准以内。TSP为首要污染物，SO2为第二污染物，NOx污染轻微，且冬季污染高于夏季；同时大气环境质量与城市工业化水平和以煤为主的能源结构密切相关，并具有区域性和季节性的差异，长沙、株洲、湘潭和娄底污染严重，趋于Ⅲ级际准，永州、张家界空气质量较优，接近Ⅰ级标准，其它城市居中。在分析湖南省大气污染原因和特征的基础上，提出调整能源结构，加强污染治理以及城市绿化等措施，以提高城市大气环境质量，保证经济可持续发展。     

Probabilistic and fuzzy reliability analysis of a sample slope near Aliano

Slope stability assessment is a geotechnical problem characterized by many sources of uncertainty. Some of them, e.g., are connected to the variability of soil parameters involved in the analysis. Beginning from a correct geotechnical characterization of the examined site, only a complete approach to uncertainty matter can lead to a significant result. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to model data uncertainty in order to perform slope stability analysis with a good degree of significance.

Once the input data have been determined, a probabilistic stability assessment (first-order second moment and Monte Carlo analysis) is performed to obtain the variation of failure probability vs. correlation coefficient between soil parameters. A first result is the demonstration of the stability of first-order second moment (FOSM) (both with normal and lognormal distribution assumption) and Monte Carlo (MC) solutions, coming from a correct uncertainty modelling. The paper presents a simple algorithm (Fuzzy First Order Second Moment, FFOSM), which uses a fuzzy-based analysis applied to data processing.     

Construction of a historical Water Pollution Index for the Mersey Basin

The Mersey Basin has been significantly polluted for over 200 years. However, there is a lack of quantitative historical water quality data as effective water quality monitoring and data recording only began 30–40 years ago. This paper assesses water pollution in the Mersey Basin using a Water Pollution Index constructed from social and economic data. Methodology, output and the difficulties involved with validation are discussed. With the limited data input available the index approximately reproduces historical water quality. The paper illustrates how historical studies of environmental water quality may provide valuable identification of factors responsible for pollution and a marker set for contemporary and future water quality issues in the context of the past. This is an issue of growing research interest.     

Modelling Compositional Change: The Example of Chemical Weathering of Granitoid Rocks

Perturbation on the simplex is an operation which can be used to numerically describe changes in the composition of, for example, soils, sediments, or rocks. The combination of perturbation and power transformation provides a strong tool for analyzing compositional linear processes in the simplex. When the process is constrained in the sense of a well-known starting (or final) composition, noncentred principal component analysis can be used to estimate the leading perturbation vector of the process. Applying these mathematical tools to chemical major element data from a weathering profile developed on granitoid rocks allows us to model the compositional changes associated with the process of chemical weathering. The comparison of these results with the compositional linear trend defined by erosional products of several of the world's major drainage systems yields close similarities. The latter observation allows for a mathematical formulation of a global mean weathering trend within the system Al₂O₃–CaO– Na₂O– K₂O. We further demonstrate the usefulness of the approach for validating processes behind individual trends and for combining the effects of different processes which modify the composition of soils, sediments, and rocks. Alternatives to the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) are discussed to obtain a translation-invariant scale for the process of chemical weathering.