矿山开采沉陷预计空间插值方法分析研究

文章首先对GIS中5种常用的空间插值方法原理进行了详细阐述,采用交叉验证法来对比分析不同插值方法的精度。应用反距离权重法、克里金法、自然邻域法、样条函数法、趋势面法5种常用的空间插值方法对兖矿集团济三煤矿1308工作面开采沉陷预计数据进行插值,对比分析了各种插值方法的精度,并对插值的误差影响因素进行了实验分析。结果表明：5种常用的空间插值方法中,克里金插值和样条函数插值精度最高,自然邻域插值和反距离权重插值精度居中,趋势面插值精度最低;对插值结果造成影响的因素与沉陷预计点的数量和密度有关,沉陷预计点的密度越大、数量越多,空间插值结果的精度就越高。研究成果可为矿山开采沉陷预计插值方法的选取提供借鉴。     

海面温度异常时间序列的谱分析

利用了傅里叶功率谱和小波功率谱分析方法,分析了太平洋中、东部地区海面温度异常时间序列的时频特征,发现了海面温度异常信号具有2~6年左右的周期特征。     

Advances in understanding of the mechanism for generation of earthquake thermal precursors detected by satellites

Stresses building up during an earthquake preparation phase also manifest themselves in the form of a so called increased land surface temperature (LST) leading to a thermal precursor prior to the earthquake event. This phenomenon has now been validated by our observations of short-term thermal anomalies detected by infrared satellite sensors for several recent past earthquakes around the world. The rise in infrared radiance temperature was seen to vary between 5 and 12 °C for different earthquakes. We discuss in this paper different explanations for the generation of such anomalies that have been offered. Emission of gases due to the opening and closure of micropores upon induced stresses and also the participation of ground water have been propounded as a possible cause for generation of thermal anomalies. Seismo-ionosphere coupling, by which gases like radon move to the earth–atmosphere interface and cause air ionization thus bringing about a change in air temperature, relative humidity, etc., has been put forth by some workers. A mechanism of low frequency electromagnetic emission was tested and experimented by scientists with rock masses in stressed conditions as those that exist at tectonic locations. The workers proposed the positive hole pair theory, which received support from several scientific groups. Positive holes (sites of electron deficiency) are activated in stressed rocks from pre-existing yet dormant positive hole pairs (PHPs) and their recombination at rock–air interface leads to a LST rise. A combination of remote sensing detection of rock mechanics behavior with a perception of chemistry and geophysics has been applied to propose the remote sensing rock mechanics theory. Remote sensing detections of such anomalies confirm so far proposed lab theories for such a hotly debated field as earthquake precursor study by providing unbiased observations with consistency in time and space distribution.     

A sub-pixel analysis of urbanization effect on land surface temperature and its interplay with impervious surface and vegetation coverage in Indianapolis,United States

This study developed an analytical procedure based upon a spectral unmixing model for characterizing and quantifying urban landscape changes in Indianapolis, Indiana, the United States, and for examining the environmental impact of such changes on land surface temperatures (LST). Three dates of Landsat TM/ETM+ images, acquired in 1991, 1995, and 2000, respectively, were utilized to document the historical morphological changes in impervious surface and vegetation coverage and to analyze the relationship between these changes and those occurred in LST. Three fraction endmembers, i.e., impervious surface, green vegetation, and shade, were derived with an unconstrained least-squares solution. A hybrid classification procedure, which combined maximum-likelihood and decision-tree algorithms, was developed to classify the fraction images into land use and land cover classes. Correlation analyses were conducted to investigate the changing relationships of LST with impervious surface and vegetation coverage. Results indicate that multi-temporal fraction images were effective for quantifying the dynamics of urban morphology and for deriving a reliable measurement of environmental variables such as vegetation abundance and impervious surface coverage. Urbanization created an evolved inverse relationship between impervious and vegetation coverage, and brought about new LST patterns because of LST's correlations with both impervious and vegetation coverage. Further researches should be directed to refine spectral mixture modeling by stratification, and by the use of multiple endmembers and hyperspectral imagery.     

通过真正射影像快速构建三维建筑物场景的方法

数字摄影测量技术正从单机工作方式向系统集成的工作方式转变,获取和处理空间数据已变得较为容易。在三维数字城市建筑物建模方面,要求必须快速有效地提取建筑物边界,才有可能进行快速的三维景观建模作业。本文提出了利用DSM和真正射影像相结合构建地形景观的一种新方法,首先从真正射影像上提取建筑物的边界线,对建筑物多边形进行三角化处理,视地面模型为一带洞多边形,同样进行Delaunay三角化处理,接着从DSM和DEM获取建筑物的高度信息,构建三维建筑物模型,最后通过纹理映射的方式,对整个建模场景进行纹理贴图,这一方法取得了较好效果,已经在生产实践中得到了应用。     

基于庄河市空间大地全面控制网谈似大地水准面的确定及精度分析

介绍了通过布设足够密度且分布均匀的GPS水准联测点,建立庄河市辖区4086 km2的高精度、高分辨率的似大地水准面数学模型的原理和方法.     

双重投影在高速铁路测量中的应用分析

针对目前我国高速铁路测量采用的高斯投影独立坐标系每个投影带可控制范围太小,给施工带来很多不便的问题,提出了首先将椭球面经纬度投影至球面后再沿铁路线方向进行斜墨卡托投影的原理、方法和计算步骤,并通过算例分析其在高速铁路测量应用中的可行性,该投影方法与目前施工单位正在使用的高斯投影相比较具有明显的优点。     

地壳垂直形变模型的研究

本文重点研究了建立整个形变区域的形变速率曲面和形变加速率曲面,同时也研究了求这两种曲面的方法(基于多元逐步回归分析的间接法和直接法),从而使我们对整个形变区域有一个形变的整体概念,也使我们能方便地得出形变区任何一个已知其平面位置的点在任一观测期内的形变量。     

条带开采地表沉陷预计参数的确定

概率积分法是条带开采地表移动和变形预计常用的方法,而概率积分法预计的精度取决于其预计参数的确定。以国内大量的条带开采实测资料为基础,应用相似理论对条带开采地表沉陷的相似现象进行了模糊聚类分析,计算出了条带开采地表沉陷预计参数。根据所得条带开采地表沉陷相似现象的分类及其地表沉陷预计参数,应用模式识别对待求条带开采地表沉陷预计参数进行了求取。工程实例表明,用模糊优化确定的预计参数进行条带开采地表移动和变形预计,其预计结果更加可靠、准确。     

基于人工神经网络面插值的方法研究

前人研究表明三层前向人工神经网络不仅能以任意精度逼近任意函数,还能以任何精度逼近其各阶导数。根据这一特性,本文将反向传播网络（Ｂａｃｋ－Ｐｒｏｐａｇａｔｉｏｎ,简称ＢＰ网络）应用于面插值。本文认定地理要素的空间分布可以用一复杂的非线性函数模拟,该函数是由多种因素综合作用的结果,即地理要素的值是这些因素的函数,如果以各因素的输入、对应地理要素值为期望输出,对网络进行训练可对地理要素的空间分布进行模拟