5. Prebiotic Chemistry – Biochemistry – Emergence of Life (4.4–2 Ga)

This chapter is devoted to a discussion about the difficulties and even the impossibility to date the events that occurred during the transition from non-living matter to the first living cells. Nevertheless, the attempts to devise plausible scenarios accounting for the emergence of the main molecular devices and processes found in biology are presented including the role of nucleotides at early stages (RNA world). On the other hand, hypotheses on the development of early metabolisms, compartments and genetic encoding are also discussed in relation with their role in extant living organisms. The nature of the Last Common Ancestor is also presented as well as hypotheses on the evolution of viruses. The following sections constitute a collection of independent articles providing a general overview of these aspects.     

SLOPE LITHOLOGIC PROPERTY, SOIL MOISTURE CONDITION AND REVEGETATION IN DRY-HOT VALLEY OF JINSHA RIVER

1IN T R O D U T IO N The dry-hotvalleyisone of the unique physiographic typesinSouthwest China, which ischaracterizedby its dry and hot climate, Savanna-likevegetationand its sharp contrastwith the surrounding landscape units (ZHANG ,1992 ).The dry-hotval…     

小波分析在设备故障分析中的应用一例

火电站的发电机组的滚动轴承由于在长时间的运行和碰撞中，有可能导致裂纹的产生。介绍了一种用小波分析的方法来识别发电机组的滚动轴承裂纹的方法，并给出了其C语言的核心程序。     

A late Quaternary lake record from the Qilian Mountains (NW China): evolution of the primary production and the water depth reconstructed from macrofossil, pollen, biomarker, and isotope data

The history (45–0 ka BP) of the aquatic vegetation composition of the shallow alpine Lake Luanhaizi from the NE Tibetan Plateau is inferred from aquatic plant macrofossil frequencies and aquatic pollen and algae concentrations in the sediments. C/N (range: 0.3–100), δ¹³C (range: −28 to −15‰), and n-alkane measurements yielded further information on the quantitative composition of sedimentary organic matter. The inferred primary production of the former lake ecosystem has been examined in respect of the alternative stable state theory of shallow lakes [Scheffer, M., 1989. Alternative stable states in eutrophic, shallow freshwater systems: a minimal model. Hydrobiological Bulletin 23, 73–83]. Switches between clear and turbid water conditions are explained by a colder climate and forest decline in the catchment area of Lake Luanhaizi. The macrofossil-based reconstruction of past water depth and salinity ranges, as well as other organic matter (OM) proxies allowed climatic inferences of the summer monsoon intensity during the late Quaternary. Around 45 ka BP, conditions similar to or even moister than present-day climate occurred. The Lake Luanhaizi record is further evidence against an extensive glaciation of the Tibetan Plateau and its bordering mountain ranges during the Last Glacial Maximum. Highest lake levels and consequently a strong summer monsoon are recorded for the early Holocene period, while gradually decreasing lake levels are reconstructed for the middle and late Holocene.     

全面建设小康社会进程中人的精神生活建设

人的精神生活是人之为人的一种特定方式,提升人的精神生活是全面建设小康社会的重要内容.在全面建设小康社会的过程中,我们要依靠加强思想道德建设、大力发展教育科学文化事业和在全社会深入开展和普及法制教育等手段来建设人的精神生活.     

Florogeography of mire plants in southern part of qinghai-xizang plateau and its adjacent areas

The southern part of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and its adjacent area are rich in mire flora. There are 51 families, 101 genera and 220 species. The geographical compositions of this region are very complex, consisting of the following-geographical elements: tropic-subtropic elements approximating to 8.33% of the entire flora in the region, tropic-temperate elements 22.71%, temperate elements 43.18%, cosmopolitan elements 9.85%, the Qinghai-Xizang endemic elements 14.39%, north polemountain elements 1.51%. Temperate elements in this region are dominant. The dominant species of mires, Carex lasiocarpa, in this region is also found in northeast China, Finland and North America. The origin of mires of this region is earlier than northeast China and Finland. This shows that the southern part of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and its adjacent areas may be the centre of the origin and distribution of temperate elements.     

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROSOLS IN THE KUROSHIO AREA——II.CHEMICAL FORMS AND SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF TRACE METALS

Aerosol samples were collected with a Sierrer Model 235 cascade impactor in the marine atmosphere over the Kuroshio area in consecutive four seasons from 1987 to 1988. Na, G, Al, V, and water soluble and acid soluble Mn, Fe, Pb, Cu, V, Cd were determined by neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. Seawater source chemical species in the aerosols appeared in high content in large over 3.6um diameter particles, and crustal source vanadium appeared in 3.6um diameter particles, but pollution source vanadium appeared in less than 0.52um diameter particles. Trace metals in the aerosols mostly had the highest concentration of water soluble metals on fine particles, and acid soluble metals on large particles. The concentrations of trace metals in the aerosols were higher in autumn and winter, lower in spring and summer.     

鄱阳湖典型湿地植物现状与保护策略

鄱阳湖是我国最大的吞吐型、季节性浅水通江湖,呈现丰水期和枯水期周期性交替的独特水文节律。近年来鄱阳湖水位波动加剧,在各种因素及2020年特大洪水的影响下,鄱阳湖沉水植物呈退化趋势。综述了鄱阳湖湿地植物种类、典型湿地植物及其适应策略等,探讨鄱阳湖水文水质变化、10年禁渔、采砂等对沉水植物群落等分布的影响,为鄱阳湖湿地植物的保护及恢复提供参考。     

兰州半荒漠植被区红砂(Reaumurta soongorica)种群数量动态

对兰州市永登县半荒漠植被区天然分布的红砂(Reaumurta soongorica)种群实地调查取样,利用红砂植株地径大小与相应年轮年龄的关系,得出回归方程,求出各地径对应年龄,编制静态生命表、分析动态指数、存活曲线、生存分析曲线。结果表明:各生境红砂种群均表现出新苗和幼株丰富,占种群株数的比例大;所有样地存活曲线均接近于Deevev-Ⅲ型(凹型);静态生命表显示,生境异质性,特别是水分差异,致使红砂种群表现出2种不同的环境适应策略;各生境种群动态指数均基本为正值,充分说明样地内的红砂种群基本处于发育状态,整体上是稳定增长的。     

基于广义Pareto分布的广东省近50年极端降水事件研究

利用广东省平均和5个代表站点1961-2010年近50年的逐日降水量资料,采用基于广义Pareto分布的平均剩余寿命图法计算极端降水阈值,并与传统的百分位法进行比较,对广东省极端降水的时间变化和空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,平均剩余寿命图法是计算极端降水阈值的一种有效方法,计算结果更能反映极端降水事件的区域差异。近50年来,广东省及各区域极端降水事件的强度和发生频率年际变化较大,均没有明显的上升趋势;热带、南亚热带和中亚热带3个自然分区的变化特征差异明显,空间上表现为南高北低的分布形式。