节能型深部找矿长寿命金刚石钻头野外生产试验效果

为提高钻头寿命研究出新的胎体配方及烧结工艺,设计了新的钻头水路,使钻头胎体高度达到12～15mm,新钻头较普通钻头寿命有明显提高,达到试验研究目的。     

Extended survival of several organisms and amino acids under simulated martian surface conditions

Recent orbital and landed missions have provided substantial evidence for ancient liquid water on the martian surface as well as evidence of more recent sedimentary deposits formed by water and/or ice. These observations raise serious questions regarding an independent origin and evolution of life on Mars. Future missions seek to identify signs of extinct martian biota in the form of biomarkers or morphological characteristics, but the inherent danger of spacecraft-borne terrestrial life makes the possibility of forward contamination a serious threat not only to the life detection experiments, but also to any extant martian ecosystem. A variety of cold and desiccation-tolerant organisms were exposed to 40 days of simulated martian surface conditions while embedded within several centimeters of regolith simulant in order to ascertain the plausibility of such organisms’ survival as a function of environmental parameters and burial depth. Relevant amino acid biomarkers associated with terrestrial life were also analyzed in order to understand the feasibility of detecting chemical evidence for previous biological activity. Results indicate that stresses due to desiccation and oxidation were the primary deterrent to organism survival, and that the effects of UV-associated damage, diurnal temperature variations, and reactive atmospheric species were minimal. Organisms with resistance to desiccation and radiation environments showed increased levels of survival after the experiment compared to organisms characterized as psychrotolerant. Amino acid analysis indicated the presence of an oxidation mechanism that migrated downward through the samples during the course of the experiment and likely represents the formation of various oxidizing species at mineral surfaces as water vapor diffused through the regolith. Current sterilization protocols may specifically select for organisms best adapted to survival at the martian surface, namely species that show tolerance to radical-induced oxidative damage and low water activity environments. Additionally, any hypothetical martian ecosystems may have evolved similar physiological traits that allow sporadic metabolism during periods of increased water activity.     

追溯最古老的琥珀——树脂植物的起源与演化

琥珀是一类有机宝石,其经济价值和科学意义日益受到重视.琥珀是植物树脂的化石形式.本文综述了现代的和已绝灭的产树脂植物的种类与地史分布.现代的产树脂植物包括松柏类和诸多被子植物科,现代松柏类如南洋杉科的琥珀最早可追溯至晚三叠世—早侏罗世,但在白垩纪中期至中新世的地层中更为丰富.始新世以来,热带和亚热带被子植物来源的琥珀开始占优势地位.绝灭的产树脂植物包括繁盛于石炭—二叠纪的科达类和髓木类种子蕨以及石炭纪以来出现并已绝灭的一些松柏类裸子植物.目前已知最早的琥珀产自晚石炭世地层(距今约3.2亿年).琥珀中含丰富的动植物化石,为研究地球生命的演化历史提供了重要材料.     

马达加斯加南部Tranomaro地区矽卡岩型钍矿钍的赋存状态及钍矿物特征研究

Tranomaro地区钍矿化主要赋存在矽卡岩化Tranomaro辉岩中,其主要矿物成分有透辉石、方柱石和碳酸盐。钍以独立的钍矿物形式存在于辉岩中的辉石、方柱石、橄榄石及碳酸盐等矿物中,钍矿物大小为0.2～0.5mm,无共、伴生金属矿物。经电子探针测定,钍矿物的主要成分为ThO2、UO2和PbO,根据其成分特征和镜下特征确定钍矿物主要为方钍石和铀方钍石。赋矿主岩中无明显热液活动迹象,钍矿物主要形成于早（干）矽卡岩阶段。     

不同状态红树和盐沼植物样品的脂肪酸组成比较研究

本研究分析了九龙江口红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)和桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum),以及盐沼植物互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)和短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)不同状态(成熟、衰老和腐烂)叶片中脂肪酸组成及相对含量。结果共检测出20种脂肪酸,其中9种存在于所有样品中。样品中含量最高的饱和脂肪酸均为棕榈酸C16:0 (21.76%～39.55%),其次是硬脂酸C18:0 (4.98%～29.88%);不饱和脂肪酸主要有油酸C18:1n9 (2.04%～12.90%)、亚油酸C18:2n6 (8.25%～24.69%)和C20:1n9 (1.64%～40.45%)。红树植物和盐沼样品中的脂肪酸组成存在差异,C30:0为红树植物的特征脂肪酸。在植物衰老和腐烂的样品中的脂肪酸组成与新鲜成熟样品存在差异,C20:1n9在衰老的样品中出现明显的下降,而相比红树植物两种盐沼植物的C20:1n9含量则下降更快。研究结果表明,总体上湿地植物在衰老和腐烂后不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸的比例明显下降,而必需脂肪酸C18:2n6的水平则未出现升高。     

Computation of bridge seismic fragility by large‐scale simulation for probabilistic resilience analysis

Seismic resilience of structures and infrastructure systems is a fast developing concept in the field of disaster management, promoting communities that are resistant and quickly recoverable in case of an extreme event. In this contest, probabilistic seismic demand and fragility analyses are two key elements of the seismic resilience assessment in the majority of the proposed methodologies. Several techniques are available to calculate fragility curves for different types of structures. In particular, to assess the seismic performance of the regional transportation infrastructure, methods for the fragility curve estimation for entire classes of bridges are required. These methods usually rely on a set of assumptions, partially because of the limited information. Other assumptions were introduced at the time when computational resources were inadequate for a purely numerical approach and closed‐form solutions were a convenient alternative. For instance, some of these popular assumptions are aimed at simplifying the model of the engineering demand. In this paper, a simulation‐based methodology is proposed, to take advantage of the computational resources widely available today and avoid such assumptions on the demand. The resulting increase in accuracy is estimated on a typical class of bridges (multi‐span simply supported). Most importantly, the quantitative impact of the assumptions is assessed in the context of a life‐cycle loss estimation analysis and resilience analysis. The results show that some assumptions preserve an acceptable level of accuracy, but others introduce a considerable error in the fragility curves and, in turn, in the expected resilience and life‐cycle losses of the structure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High Temperature as a Mechanism for Plant Cytoplasm Preservation in Fossils

Because the cytoplasm of a plant normally degrades after the death of the plant, finding cytoplasm in a plant body after a prolonged period of time, especially in fossil plants, is unexpected. Recent work on several 100-Myr-old plant fossils from Kansas, USA indicates, however, that cells and their contents can be preserved. Most of the cells in these fossil plants appear to be in a state of plasmolysis, and these fossil cells bear a strong resemblance to laboratory-baked cells of extant plant tissues. Based on a comparison with extant material plus biophysical and biochemical analyses of the cytoplasm degrading process, a new hypothesis for cytoplasm preservation in nature is proposed： high temperature, a concomitant of commonly seen wildfires, may preserve cytoplasm in fossil plants. This hypothesis implies that fossilized cytoplasm should be rather common and an appropriate substance for research, unlike previously thought. Research on fossil cytoplasm closely integrates paleobotany with biochemistry, biophysics, as well as fire ecology, and invites inputs from these fields to paleobotany to interpret these provocative findings.     

山丘型抑螺防病林构建技术

利用林业血防建设的理论和方法,探讨了山丘区抑螺植物材料选择标准和模式配置要求,最后根据山丘区钉螺分布及地形特点,划分了山丘区抑螺防病林类型。     

Life Recovery of 1995 Kobe Earthquake Survivors in Nishinomiya City: A Total-Quality-Management-Based Assessment of Disadvantaged Populations

The main objectives of this study were (1) to examine what has beenrecovered and what has not yet been recovered in Nishinomiya City five years after the GreatHanshin-Awaji Earthquake, and (2) to find current service needs for the earthquake survivors,especially for the disadvantaged populations. Disadvantaged populations are minorities in society, andtheir needs and opinions are often ignored and not reflected in the services or mitigation policy,despite the fact that they are the ones who are affected most by various hazards. At the same time, becauseof their unique characteristics and positions in society, their needs differ from the majorityof the society. Six hundred eighty-six opinion cards were collected in nine grassroots workshopsessions with various disadvantaged groups in Nishinomiya City, such as the physically challenged,the visually impaired, the elderly living in public housing, junior and senior high school students,mothers with small children, and those who lost their own homes because of the earthquake. Theseopinion cards were sorted out and analyzed by using a TQM(Total Quality Management)-basedassessment method. Since the TQM-based assessment method allows bottom-up integration ofopinions from each individual, it helps us identify unique needs of the disadvantaged groupsand reflect their opinions in mitigation plan and policies. The main findings of this study include (1)the city redevelopment cannot be achieved without integrating the viewpoints of thedisadvantaged; (2) the social support was a key resource for both mental health and community development;and (3) disaster experiences and adaptation produced civic mindedness among people in a community.