65 cm水平式望远镜静态指向模型

由于传统的静态指向模型对于水平式装置存在法方程条件差的困难,针对紫金山天文台盱眙站65 cm水平式空间碎片望远镜,基于真实的可能产生误差的来源建立了独特的静态指向模型,使模型参数具有明确的物理意义,从而基本剔除了望远镜的系统误差,大大提高了该望远镜的指向精度,达到了4”．     

流域尺度景观生态耗水研究

笔者将景观生态学、遥感蒸散计算技术等应用于流域生态耗水研究,先利用1980年、1990年、2000年、2005年的4期遥感数据,研究流域土地利用演变特征,并对流域景观生态进行分区。然后利用MOD IS数据和平流干旱模型,计算2005年生长期蒸散分布;再结合流域水资源评价成果,计算景观生态消耗的水资源、不可控水资源和可控水资源;最后又结合规划目标,对白杨河流域生态保护系统2020年与2030年生态需水进行了预测。通过研究,弄清了流域景观生态对象、功能、格局和过程、弄清了其消耗的水资源类型、数量和时空分布,为优化配置水资源、实现流域可持续发展开辟了新途径。     

软土基坑变形失稳形态模拟试验研究

通过不同土性、地下水条件下软土基坑开挖变形失稳的模拟试验, 研究了软土基坑开挖变形发展直至失稳破坏的全过程。通过试验研究, 初步认为软土基坑坑壁在无支护或支护刚度较小的情况下, 其坑壁破坏形态呈抛物线型; 在基坑开挖范围内若存在有砂性土, 且地下水位较高时, 易于发生流砂渗透破坏, 并导致了地表沉陷, 但侧向变形相对较小; 而对于因承压水引起的坑底土体隆起变形, 若不考虑土体的强度特性, 计算结果是偏于安全的。     

成都长安垃圾填埋场渗滤液水头预测

针对成都长安垃圾填埋场的水文地质特征,建立稳定流模型。经模型研究表明：渗滤液的自由排泄可使场内水头降低;若关闭下游渗滤管管道阀门,则在场内将造成较高的渗滤液水痞。     

Episodic Performance and Sensitivity of the Urbanized MM5 (uMM5) to Perturbations in Surface Properties in Houston Texas

We present an application of a fine-resolution, meso-urban meteorological model (urbanized MM5; uMM5) to a multi-day episode in August 2000 in the Houston-Galveston Texas, USA region. The model’s episodic performance and its response to small changes in land-cover and surface physical properties in the area, e.g., scenarios of urban heat island mitigation, are evaluated. The model formulation is reviewed along with its parameterizations, data needs, and fine-resolution geometrical input. Development of scenarios of increased urban albedo and vegetative cover is also discussed. This initial application of the uMM5 to the Houston-Galveston region serves as a basis for future model improvements, evaluation of newer data and parameterization applications, testing more aggressive surface modification scenarios, and performing fine-resolution photochemical modelling. It also provides data for comparison of model results with those from previous studies of this region.     

基于AIS的海上渔船捕捞活动聚集区提取方法研究

船舶自动识别系统(Automatic Identification System, AIS)不仅是海上交通监管的有效工具,也为研究海上交通运输及其相关产业活动特征提供了一种良好的数据源。基于海上渔船AIS数据,本研究利用高斯混合模型(Gaussian Mixed Model,GMM)识别渔船捕捞活动状态,提出一种将核密度估计(Kernel Density Estimation,KDE)与热点分析(Hot Spot Analysis, HSA)相融合用于渔船捕捞活动聚集区提取的方法。结果显示：与单一KDE或HSA方法相比,二者相融合的方法将KDE的距离衰减效应与HSA统计指数相结合,在渔船捕捞活动聚集区提取中的应用效果较好、效率较高;采用该融合方法,基于2018年9—12月AIS数据,实现对渤海海峡周边海域渔船捕捞活动聚集区的提取,发现不同月份,渔船捕捞活动聚集区的分布范围和空间形态特征具有一定差异性,烟威近岸海域和渤海海峡是主要的捕捞活动聚集区,其结果可为该海域捕捞活动管理和海洋生态保护提供技术方法和决策支持。     

西藏多龙超大型铜(金)矿集区成矿模式与找矿方向

本文通过对比研究,认为多龙矿集区内斑岩型、隐爆角砾岩筒型、浅成低温热液型矿床等三种共生矿床类型属同一岩浆-热液成矿系统的产物,空间上分别位于这一成矿系统低位域、低位域顶部及高位域,其空间相对位置可作为成矿系统内相关类型矿床的勘查找矿标志。基于深部岩体的识别和矿田构造格架的建立,完善了多龙矿集区深部岩浆在地壳浅部就位和成矿的过程,构建起多龙矿集区区域成矿模式。根据该成矿模式,多龙矿集区尕尔勤、地堡那木岗及矿集区南东部等地区是下一步开展矿产勘查的有利区块;矿体形成后可能被成矿后构造错断,这一认识可以作为寻找深部隐伏矿体的勘查依据。最后指出这一成矿模式对区域找矿方向的指示意义,认为区域找矿预测中应加强班公湖-怒江成矿带中生代古陆边缘岩浆弧型斑岩-浅成低温热液成矿系统剥蚀与保存机制的研究;用于识别深部岩体的非常规找矿新方法可应用于斑岩相关矿床的评价。     

Astronomical-topographic levelling using high-precision astrogeodetic vertical deflections and digital terrain model data

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, a technological change took place in geodetic astronomy by the development of Digital Zenith Camera Systems (DZCS). Such instruments provide vertical deflection data at an angular accuracy level of 0.̋1 and better. Recently, DZCS have been employed for the collection of dense sets of astrogeodetic vertical deflection data in several test areas in Germany with high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) data (10–50 m resolution) available. These considerable advancements motivate a new analysis of the method of astronomical-topographic levelling, which uses DTM data for the interpolation between the astrogeodetic stations. We present and analyse a least-squares collocation technique that uses DTM data for the accurate interpolation of vertical deflection data. The combination of both data sets allows a precise determination of the gravity field along profiles, even in regions with a rugged topography. The accuracy of the method is studied with particular attention on the density of astrogeodetic stations. The error propagation rule of astronomical levelling is empirically derived. It accounts for the signal omission that increases with the station spacing. In a test area located in the German Alps, the method was successfully applied to the determination of a quasigeoid profile of 23 km length. For a station spacing from a few 100 m to about 2 km, the accuracy of the quasigeoid was found to be about 1–2 mm, which corresponds to a relative accuracy of about 0.05−0.1 ppm. Application examples are given, such as the local and regional validation of gravity field models computed from gravimetric data and the economic gravity field determination in geodetically less covered regions.     

地球系统模式FIO-ESM对北极海冰的模拟和预估

评估了地球系统模式FIO-ESM(First Institute of Oceanography-Earth System Model)基于CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5)的历史实验对北极海冰的模拟能力,分析了该模式基于CMIP5未来情景实验在不同典型浓度路径(RCPs,Representative Concentration Pathways)下对北极海冰的预估情况。通过与卫星观测的海冰覆盖范围资料相比,该模式能够很好地模拟出多年平均海冰覆盖范围的季节变化特征,模拟的气候态月平均海冰覆盖范围均在卫星观测值±15%范围以内。FIO-ESM能够较好地模拟1979-2005年期间北极海冰的衰减趋势,模拟衰减速度为每年减少2.24×104 km2,但仍小于观测衰减速度(每年减少4.72×104 km2)。特别值得注意的是:不同于其他模式所预估的海冰一直衰减,FIO-ESM对21世纪北极海冰预估在不同情景下呈现不同的变化趋势,在RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,北极海冰总体呈增加趋势,在RCP6情景下,北极海冰基本维持不变,而在RCP8.5情景下,北极海冰呈现继续衰减趋势。     

秦岭大别造山带地壳化学结构研究

大陆地壳不同结构层之间化学组成(含元素和同位素组成)的系统性差异可以称为地壳化学结构,地球化学参考模型(GERM)能够作为参照标准进行地壳化学结构(元素组成)的对比分析,据此提出了反映地壳演化特征的蛛网图标准化方法。对秦岭—大别造山带的尝试发现,造山带总体上具有物质组成分异较弱的特点;造山带及邻区太古亩结晶基底太华群、崆岭群的化学组成都不能代表全部的下地壳,可能仅代表了下地壳上部,而大别群可能经历了复杂的构造熟化过程。通过对造山带地壳化学结构的分析,指出铕负异常可能并非为地壳拆沉作用所造成。