一种新的三维速度结构反演模型参数化方法

本文针对三维速度反演问题中的一个重要步骤——模型的参数化作了探讨和研究,提出了一种新的参数化方法.同以往采用的矩形分块或划分网格点的方法不同,将待求扰动场按其空间频率展开,反演各阶频率系数.从三维傅氏级数理论出发,导出了一个简明且便于计算的三维空间频谱展开公式,并从理论上分析了在空间域内离散模型和空间频率域内离散模型的不同之处. 理论分析表明,在空间域内采用过参数化离散模型来反演,会在所得到的解中混入人为的虚假结构,从而使反演解发生畸变.采用在频率域内离散模型的频谱参数化方法反演,可以有效地避免这一点.频谱参数化方法也使得我们可以过参数化（over-parameterization）离散模型,便于最大程度地从资料中提取正确信息,对模型的分辨程度完全取决于观测系统的分辨能力.这种方法在得到稳定的反演解的同时,还可得到观测系统在空间三个方向上的分辨率.数值模拟实验结果证实了以上结论.     

三维可视化填图在晴隆锑矿外围勘查中的应用

三维可视化技术在辅助传统地质方法工作的同时,将复杂地质体形态、地质构造情况以三维的形式表现出来,呈现较丰富的的视觉效果。首次把三维可视化技术应用于贵州晴隆锑矿田找矿,有较好效果。     

模型参数估计的优效性

本文根据多参数的R-C不等式和优效计量定理,得到了函数模型和随机模型参数估计的方差下界公式。函数模型的参数估计是优效估计量,但随机模型的参数估计即方差分量估计不是优效估计量;作为特例,单位权方差的估计是优效估计量,同时证明了函数模型和随机模型参数估计的不相关性。     

中尺度大气数值模式发展现状和应用前景

对国内外当前一些先进的中尺度大气数值模式的发展现状,应用前景及发展趋势作了概要综述。其内容包括：模式动力学的改进,叫就度模拟系统特征,区域谱模 发展积云参数化和显式云物理方案,行星边界层参数化,大气辐射参数、四维资料同化,区域实时数值天气预报,中尺度数值天气预报应用前景及新一代中尺度模式发展趋势。     

国内外卡林型金矿对比研究

卡林型金矿是一种主要产于碳酸盐岩－碎悄岩建造中的微细粒浸染型金矿床，以储量大、品位低、金粒度极细为特点，主要分布于美国和中国，区域地质、成矿条件、控矿因素、矿化特征具有明显的可类比性。卡林型金矿区域成矿模式可概括为：金、汞、砷、锑等成矿元素大规模超常聚集，矿质运移－传输，矿床（矿体）的定位等三大系统（阶段）。文中亦对国内外卡林型金矿的成矿系列、成矿模式作对比研究。     

基于复化公式的DEM表面积算法分析

地形因子（诸如表面积）的计算是地形分析的一个重要部分.文中将正方形格网划分为三角形格网;并对正方形格网分别运用复化梯形公式、复化Simpson公式和复化Cotes公式,对DEM表面积进行实验;计算空间曲面表面积,分析其精度.结果表明,复化Simpson公式具有较好的效果.     

Evaluation of the CORDEX regional climate models performance in simulating climate conditions of two catchments in Upper Blue Nile Basin

This study was targeted at evaluating the performance of six Regional Climate Models (RCMs) used in Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX). The evaluation is on the bases of how well the RCMs simulate the seasonal mean climatology, interannual variability and annual cycles of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature over two catchments in western Ethiopia during the period 1990–2008. Observed data obtained from the Ethiopian National Meteorological Agency was used for performance evaluation of the RCMs outputs. All Regional Climate Models (RCMs) have simulated seasonal mean annual cycles of precipitation with a significant bias shown on individual models; however, the ensemble mean exhibited better the magnitude and seasonal rainfall. Despite the highest biases of RCMs in the wet season, the annual cycle showed the prominent features of precipitation in the two catchments. In many aspects, CRCM5 and RACMO22 T simulate rainfall over most stations better than the other models. The highest biases are associated with the highest error in simulating maximum and minimum temperature with the highest biases in high elevation areas. The rainfall interannual variability is less evident in Finchaa with short rainy season experiencing a larger degree of interannual variability. The differences in performance of the Regional Climate Models in the two catchments show that all the available models are not equally good for particular locations and topographies. In this regard, the right regional climate models have to be used for any climate change impact study for local-scale climate projections.     

ECOM模式的改进及在长江河口、杭州湾及邻近海区的应用

基于原正交ECOM(Estuarine Coastal and Ocean Model)模式，把它改进为非正交曲线坐标系下模式，以较好地拟合河口海岸岸线的变化，有效提高局部空间分辨率，提高计算速度和精度；应用预估修正法提高模式的稳定性；扣除局域平均密度层结提高。坐标系下斜压压强梯度力的计算精度；采用Euler-Lagrange方法改进物质输运方程中的平流项计算方法。数值试验结果证明以上4种方法有效地提高了模式的计算精度。把改进的模式应用于长江河口、杭州湾及邻近海区，模拟结果与观测资料较为一致。改进后的模式可更好地应用于河口海岸的研究中。     

Recreational boaters value biodiversity: The case of the California Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary

Marine ecosystems provide a range of valuable services, some of which come with market prices to quantify value and others for which markets have not set prices. Lacking perfect information, policy makers are at risk of undercounting non-priced values and services, leading to biases in policy decisions in favor of services valued through markets. Furthermore, understanding users’ valuation of specific site attributes, such as marine biodiversity, can contribute to effective policy decisions. This paper presents a non-market valuation of private recreational boaters (PRBs) in the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary located in California, USA, using data from an intercept survey conducted in 2006 and 2007. A Random Utility Model is used to estimate PRBs’ daily trip values and the importance of specific site attributes. The average consumer surplus was estimated at $48.62 per trip, with a total non-market value of non-consumptive private recreational boating of $86,325 annually. PRBs show a preference for visiting locations with lower exposure to prevailing winds and greater species richness and abundance, which to the authors’ knowledge is the first time that PRBs have been found to value biological diversity in site choices. Furthermore, this suggests that improved biodiversity and productivity of marine ecosystems contribute to better recreational experiences. The results from this study reveal the importance of including non-market services and stakeholder's preferences into policy decisions.     

Digital Tide-Coordinated Shoreline

The shoreline is one of the most important features on earth's surface. It is valuable to a diverse user community. But the dynamic nature of the shoreline makes it difficult to be represented in a naturally dynamic style and to be utilized in applications. The officially used shoreline, for example in nautical charts, is the so-called tide-coordinated shoreline. It is also the shoreline that makes the computation of shoreline changes and associated environmental changes meaningful. Mapping of the tide-coordinated shoreline has been very costly. On the other hand, instantaneous shorelines extracted from different data sources may be available. Also, high-resolution satellite and airborne imagery have the capacity of stereo imaging and can be used to extract instantaneous shorelines at a high accuracy and low cost. This article proposes an approach to derivation of digital tidecoordinated shorelines from (a) those instantaneous shorelines and (b) digital coastal surface models and a digital water surface model. Some preliminary study results, analysis, and the potential of the approach are discussed.