基于GIS的社会综合管理系统建设及其应用

随着工业化、信息化、城镇化、国际化进程的不断加快,我国社会结构深刻变动,社会综合管理面临着一系列新情况新问题。为了适应新形势,社会综合管理信息系统应运而生。介绍了依托GIS技术建设的社会综合管理信息系统及其在社会综合管理中的应用;并以深圳市龙岗区为实例,说明了社会综合管理信息系统对解决社会综合管理过程中隐患事件整治率低、资源重复投资浪费、管理资源分配不合理、面向公众服务体系不完善等问题发挥着举足轻重的作用。     

利用树轮重建九房山滑坡活动年份

理解地貌过程以及认识过去灾害发生的频率,是自然灾害风险评价的重要任务。树木年轮由于其具有定年准确、连续性强、分辨率高和易于复本等特点,近年来被用到恢复过去灾害发生的时间。随着滑坡、泥石流等山地地质灾害性事件发生频率的增加,地质灾害风险管理和评价受到了越来越多的关注。在样品量足够的前提下,树木年轮方法可以精确地确定滑坡事件发生的年份。以甘肃南部武都区外纳乡的九房山滑坡为研究对象,利用树木年轮分析方法对该滑坡的灾害事件发生的时间进行了初步的研究。结果显示:1.树木年轮样品在1980—1982年,1984—1987年以及1991-1993年都出现了年轮宽度迅速减小或者迅速增加的现象。本研究将1980—1982年,1984—1987年以及1991—1993年定为滑坡活动年份,其中1992年和1993年的滑坡与当地记载的滑坡年份一致。强降水,地震影响以及不合理的灌溉活动都可能导致滑坡的复活,但降雨仍是导致九房山滑坡复活的重要因素。2.树木年轮样品中出现的偏心木和伪轮现象也是对滑坡灾害发生的佐证,说明受到滑坡灾害的影响,树木的生长环境发生了改变。     

都市水源区村域社会−生态系统脆弱性空间分异的地理影响模式——以上海市青浦区为例

以上海市青浦区为例,采用数据包络模型、空间自相关模型、多元Logistic回归模型、地理探测器和层次聚类模型分析该区184个行政村社会?生态系统脆弱性的空间差异及地理影响机制。研究表明：① 基于熵权集结交叉的“投入?产出”效率模型对村域社会?生态系统脆弱性评价结果更具可信度和精确性,2018年行政村社会?生态系统脆弱性空间上呈由东向西逐渐降低的变化趋势,脆弱性均值为0.583;② 地理因素对经济发达村域社会?生态系统脆弱性空间分异仍旧具有重要影响。距上海市中心距离、距淀山湖距离、距青浦区中心距离和水域面积成为影响该区社会?生态系统脆弱性的4种主导地理因素,其地理影响力呈现系统结构空间差异和种类属性替代及程度转化;③ 依据地理因素影响力聚类分析将该区社会?生态系统脆弱性地理因素空间耦合模式分为10种,多地理因素耦合模式是主要决定类型,呈现中部多因素主导和两侧单因素主导并存的多元环状地域决定格局;针对不同类型提出调控区域社会?生态系统脆弱性的可行方式。     

实施东西合作促进区域经济发展--以驻马店地区为例

乡镇企业东西合作工程是国家推进区域经济协调发展的重大举措。在总结、评价、分析驻马店地区成功实践和经验的基础上,提出进一步推进东西合作的建议。     

Kīlauea summit overflows: their ages and distribution in the Puna District, Hawai'i

 The tube-fed pāhoehoe lava flows covering much of the northeast flank of Kīlauea Volcano are named the 'Ailā'au flows. Their eruption age, based on published and six new radiocarbon dates, is approximately AD 1445. The flows have distinctive paleomagnetic directions with steep inclinations (40°–50°) and easterly declinations (0°–10°E). The lava was transported ∼40 km from the vent to the coast in long, large-diameter lava tubes; the longest tube (Kazumura Cave) reaches from near the summit to within several kilometers of the coast near Kaloli Point. The estimated volume of the 'Ailā'au flow field is 5.2±0.8 km³, and the eruption that formed it probably lasted for approximately 50 years. Summit overflows from Kīlauea may have been nearly continuous between approximately AD 1290 and 1470, during which time a series of shields formed at and around the summit. The 'Ailā'au shield was either the youngest or the next to youngest in this series of shields. Site-mean paleomagnetic directions for lava flows underlying the 'Ailā'au flows form only six groups. These older pāhoehoe flows range in age from 2750 to <18,000 BP, and the region was inundated by lava flows only three times in the past 5000 years. The known intervals between eruptive events average ∼1600 years and range from ∼1250 years to >2200 years. Lava flows from most of these summit eruptions also reached the coast, but none appears as extensive as the 'Ailā'au flow field. The chemistry of the melts erupted during each of these summit overflow events is remarkably similar, averaging approximately 6.3 wt.% MgO near the coast and 6.8 wt.% MgO near the summit. The present-day caldera probably formed more recently than the eruption that formed the 'Ailā'au flows (estimated termination ca. AD 1470). The earliest explosive eruptions that formed the Keanakāko'i Ash, which is stratigraphically above the 'Ailā'au flows, cannot be older than this age. Received: 10 October 1998 / Accepted: 12 May 1999     

陕西铜川新区典型滑坡在不同强度地震作用下的稳定性——以铜川玉皇阁水库滑坡为例

采用极限平衡法和有限元强度折减法,对地震作用下的陕西铜川新区玉皇阁水库滑坡的稳定性进行计算分析,对比分析2种方法在天然、中震、大震3个工况下的安全系数,结果基本吻合,且随着地震动峰值加速度的增大边坡稳定性逐渐降低,安全系数最大降低幅度可达18%;根据计算结果进行稳定性评价,玉皇阁水库滑坡在大震作用下处于不稳定状态,中震作用下其稳定性也较低。该结果为该滑坡风险评价和防控提供参考,为铜川新区地震地质灾害评价提供基础性参考。     

铜川新区黄土与古土壤动剪切模量比和阻尼比的统计研究

利用铜川市地震小区划项目的大量典型土样动三轴试验结果,采用双曲线模型拟合得到了铜川新区黄土和古土壤在8个典型应变下的动剪切模量比和阻尼比值。根据不同沉积年代和不同土层深度2种方法对黄土、古土壤动剪切模量比和阻尼比随剪应变变化情况进行了统计和对比分析。研究发现:同一剪应变下,黄土、古土壤动剪切模量比随沉积年代和土层深度的增加而增加。二者对黄土动剪切模量比的影响较为显著。     

Construction of ecological environment of oasis in Qingtongxia Irrigation District

Oasis is the core area of social and economic development in the arid western regions, and is also a territory with prominent ecological environmental problems. Because of the unreasonable development and utilization of soil and water resources, the ecological environment of oasis in Qingtongxia Irrigation District is threatened by soil salinization, shrinkage of lakes and wetlands, and deterioration of water environment. As for these environmental problems, the direct cause is the loss of regulation of groundwater depth or serious pollution of water caused by man-made irrational exploitation, and the root cause lies in shortage of water resources and unreasonable allocation of water resources. In this regard, it is believed that the primary task for the construction ecological environment of oasis in Qingtongxia Irrigation District is to adjust the allocation structure of water resources and to ease the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources, for which the direct means is to carry out dynamic control of water and salt based on the ecological landscape structure and land type in the Irrigation District in accordance with local conditions.     

GIS支持下的东川区泥石流危险度区划

在建立东川区泥石流信息系统的基础上,根据泥石流形成原因,初步选择面积、相对切割度、主沟沟床比降、相对高差、主沟长度、圆状率作为评价指标,利用东川区21条典型泥石流沟的数据,通过主成分分析,选择出面积、圆状率、相对高差三个指标,由主成分载荷得到危险度评价公式,在ARC／INFO和ARCVIEW软件的支持下,把东川区划分为60个评价单元,计算出各个单元内的危险度总分值,依据分值划分为四个级别,重度危险区、危险区、轻度危险区和基本无危险区,最后根据泥石流危险度区划原则,得到东川区泥石流危险度区划图。