A morphometric analysis of gullies scoured by post-fire progressively bulked debris flows in southwest Montana, USA

In the fall of 2001, an intense thunderstorm in southwest Montana triggered many debris flows in the burned area of Sleeping Child Creek. In most instances, the debris flows cut deep gullies into previously unchannelized colluvial hollows and deposited large volumes of sediment onto the valley floor. The presence of rill networks above the gullies as well as the absence of landslide features indicate that the gullies were scoured by progressively bulked debris flows, a process in which dilute surface runoff becomes increasingly more laden with sediment until it transforms into a debris flow. In this contribution, we present a morphometric analysis of six of the gullies to better understand this relatively understudied process. We find that the locations of the rill heads and gully heads conform to slope-area thresholds that are characteristic of erosion by overland flow. Our data also suggest that the volumes of the debris flows increase exponentially with normalized drainage area, thus lending support to an assumption used in a recently proposed debris flow incision law. Finally, the debris flow fans have been relatively unaltered since deposition, suggesting that the valley may be currently aggrading while the hillslopes are being denuded.     

Rapid incision of the Colorado River in Glen Canyon – insights from channel profiles,local incision rates,and modeling of lithologic controls

The Colorado River system in southern Utah and northern Arizona is continuing to adjust to the baselevel fall responsible for the carving of the Grand Canyon. Estimates of bedrock incision rates in this area vary widely, hinting at the transient state of the Colorado and its tributaries. In conjunction with these data, we use longitudinal profiles of the Colorado and tributaries between Marble Canyon and Cataract Canyon to investigate the incision history of the Colorado in this region. We find that almost all of the tributaries in this region steepen as they enter the Colorado River. The consistent presence of oversteepened reaches with similar elevation drops in the lower section of these channels, and their coincidence within a corridor of high local relief along the Colorado, suggest that the tributaries are steepening in response to an episode of increased incision rate on the mainstem. This analysis makes testable predictions about spatial variations in incision rates; these predictions are consistent with existing rate estimates and can be used to guide further studies. We also present cosmogenic nuclide data from the Henry Mountains of southern Utah. We measured in situ ¹⁰Be concentrations on four gravel‐covered strath surfaces elevated from 1 m to 110 m above Trachyte Creek. The surfaces yield exposure ages that range from approximately 2·5 ka to 267 ka and suggest incision rates that vary between 350 and 600 m/my. These incision rates are similar to other rates determined within the high‐relief corridor. Available data thus support the interpretation that tributaries of the Colorado River upstream of the Grand Canyon are responding to a recent pulse of rapid incision on the Colorado. Numerical modeling of detachment‐limited bedrock incision suggests that this incision pulse is likely related to the upstream‐dipping lithologic boundary at the northern edge of the Kaibab upwarp. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长白山国家级自然保护区旅游与环境可持续发展研究

举世闻名的长白山国家级自然保护区近年随着旅游事业的发展,因环境管理措施不力等原因,面带来的了定的环境污染与较明显的生态破坏。协调好旅游开发与环境保护的唯一出路是坚持可发展的原则,为此,必须建立完整技术与管理体系,并因地制宜采取一系列相应的对策与措施。     

南海北部扩张的地表过程响应：来自海南岛五指山的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄证据

海南岛是南海地块的重要组成部分,其构造演化很大程度上能够反映整个南海的构造活动特征。新生代,海南岛在新构造运动作用下,断块差异升降比较明显,形成了大致以王五 文教断裂为界,北为沉降区,南为断隆区的构造格局。对断隆区隆升过程的研究能够帮助揭示海南岛新构造活动历史,但至今为止,琼中南山地隆升的原因和时限仍存在争议。为了厘清海南岛中部的剥露隆升事件,本文选择琼中南地区海拔最高、高差最大的五指山为研究区,采集8组高程岩石样品,高程范围为203. 55~1153. 52 m。对采集的样品进行了磷灰石裂变径迹测试和热历史模拟分析,结果表明海南岛五指山地区新生代主要经历了两期快速隆升剥露。第一期为渐新世—中新世（32~17 Ma)：隆升速率较快,此时期太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲后撤,南海正经历第二次扩张,使得海南岛拉张,活动强烈,造成琼中山地区快速隆升,直到中中新世转为缓慢隆升。第二期为中新世末期（5 Ma)的快速剥蚀隆升阶段：南海扩张已经结束,随着菲律宾板块俯冲亚洲板块,南海北部陆缘整体处于加速热沉降阶段,且全球气候变化加快,造成了海南岛广泛的隆起和加速剥蚀。     

Drought reconstruction in the Qilian Mountains over the last two centuries and its implications for large-scale moisture patterns

We present a composite tree-ring chronology from two sites of Qilian Juniper(Sabina przewalskii)in the northwestern Qilian Mountains(QM),Northwestern China.Precipitation in June was found to be the main limiting factor for tree-growth.The tree rings are also significantly and positively correlated with June precipitation over large areas of the northern Tibetan Plateau(TP).The authors thus consider that the tree- ring based drought reconstruction from 1803–2006 is representative of a large area drought hist...     

Relationship between Mesozoic Magmatism and Subduction in the Da Hinggan-Yanshan Area

High-resolution tomographic images of the belt crossing the Japan Trench-Changbai Mountains-Dong Ujimqin Qi are represented in this paper, revealing the shape of a subducted slab in the western Pacific region and characteristics of the lithospheric structures under the Changbai Mountains and the Da Hinggan Mountains. Studies of the spatial distribution, subduction time and the time-lag between the subduction and magmatism, combined with petrology and isotope geochemistry of the Late Mesozoic volcano-plutonic rocks from the Da Hinggan Mountains-Yanshan Mountains have further proved the independence of magmatic activities from the subduction of the Pacific plate. The Mesozoic tectono-thermal evolutionary history and structural characteristics of the lithosphere in the Da Hinggan Mountains and North China suggest that the formation and evolution of magma have probably a close relationship with the delamination and thinning of the continental lithosphere and the underplating resulting from the consequent up     

祁连山地区河流阶地与第四纪构造隆升

祁连山及邻区河流阶地系列是反映区域构造隆升的重要地貌标志。对祁连山地区东北部的沙沟河、西北部的洪水坝河、东南部的黄河共和段及渭河陇西段、东部的黄河兰州段河流阶地进行了阶地抬升幅度、年代对比研究,分析了祁连山及邻区第四纪构造隆升的特点及其对青藏高原隆升的响应。研究表明,1.6Ma以来祁连山及邻区至少存在5期构造活动,即1.6Ma左右的第1期构造活动;1.2~0.6Ma的第2期构造活动,包括1.2Ma、0.8Ma、0.6Ma的次一期构造活动;0.45~0.25Ma的第3期构造活动;0.2~0.08Ma的第4期构造活动,包括0.15Ma、0.1Ma次一期构造活动;0.08Ma以来的第5期构造活动。祁连山及邻区在第1、2、4、5期构造活动中表现为同步抬升,第3期不同区域抬升时间存在差异。在构造活动强度方面,1.2~0.6Ma(第2期)祁连山东部活动较强,0.45~0.25Ma(第3期)构造活动强度表现为北部强于南部,在北部表现为由西向东不断增强,0.2Ma以来在南、北方向上表现为构造活动强度沿着北东方向减弱,在东、西方向上表现为祁连山西北部的构造活动明显强于东北部。祁连山及邻区东部1.80Ma以来平均抬升速率为0.25mm/a,平均抬升了450m左右,粗略计算2.6Ma以来该区域抬升了600m左右。祁连山及邻区西部河流阶地反映的构造抬升强于东部,据此推断,第四纪以来祁连山及邻区西部抬升或超过600m。     

遥感影像三维可视化在新疆西昆仑区域地质调查中的应用

综合应用“3S”技术、遥感数字影像处理技术、虚拟现实等,通过遥感影像的几何校正、影像数据融合、高精度DEM生成和影像复合等技术,实现了新疆西昆仑地区遥感影像三维可视化。将遥感影像三维可视化及其影像动态分析运用于新疆西昆仑区域地质调查（1∶5万）工作,可提高地质填图效率、丰富地质填图成果     

暴雨集合预报-观测概率匹配订正法在四川盆地的应用研究

利用2015年6月1日至8月31日ECMWF集合预报系统（EPS）51个成员的降水预报结果,基于安徽省大别山区12个代表站点1~3 d的逐12 h降水观测资料,采用TS评分、箱须图、泰勒图等方法,研究ECMWF集合预报降水结果在安徽省大别山区降水分级预报中的应用效果。主要结论如下：ECMWF集合降水预报中,08时起报的24 h降水量和20时起报的48 h降水量可参考性较大;降水分级检验中,晴雨预报正确率在70%以上,小雨和中雨的空报率较高,对大雨以上量级的预报能力相对较差;大型降水过程中,暴雨以上量级的预报需关注不同预报时效下降水量预报的变化趋势,个别成员对极端降水的表现也值得关注。