花岗岩的成岩作用和形成环境——存在的问题和解决的途径

本文针对当前花岗岩研究中存在的一些问题,结合笔者等近年来的工作,概述了进一步研究花岗岩成岩作用和形成环境的新思路。主要包括:(1)利用成分协变图,结合岩石包体成因类型的认识,探讨花岗岩化学演化进程;(2)在全面考察花岗岩的构造样式、岩石组合、岩浆演化和区域地壳不均一性基础上,分析花岗岩形成的构造背景。     

浙江及邻区尾波Q值研究

基于单次散射(Aki)模型,利用2000年至今浙江及安徽台网记录的37次ML3.0以上地震的数字地震波资料,计算了浙江及邻近省区平均尾波Q值,并拟合了Q值对频率的依赖关系数据。结果为:Q(f)=212±33.5f0.62±0.11,与国内其它区域相比,本区域为Q值高值、对频率低依赖性区域。认为本研究区内构造活动弱,地震活动水平低。本文就Q值对频率、尾波窗长等的依赖性特征及影响Q值计算的噪声水平、滤波器、数据采样等因素进行了深入分析。     

青海玉树单台地震序列的尾波Q值研究

利用玉树单台记录到的2006年7月19日玉树Ms5．4级地震序列的数字地震波形资料，计算了不同频率下该序列尾波Q值的变化特征，为今后将数字地震资料应用到地震预报工作中提供了参考依据。     

Turbidite bed thickness distributions: methods and pitfalls of analysis and modelling

Turbidite bed thickness distributions are often interpreted in terms of power laws, even when there are significant departures from a single straight line on a log–log exceedence probability plot. Alternatively, these distributions have been described by a lognormal mixture model. Statistical methods used to analyse and distinguish the two models (power law and lognormal mixture) are presented here. In addition, the shortcomings of some frequently applied techniques are discussed, using a new data set from the Tarcău Sandstone of the East Carpathians, Romania, and published data from the Marnoso‐Arenacea Formation of Italy. Log–log exceedence plots and least squares fitting by themselves are inappropriate tools for the analysis of bed thickness distributions; they must be accompanied by the assessment of other types of diagrams (cumulative probability, histogram of log‐transformed values, q–q plots) and the use of a measure of goodness‐of‐fit other than R², such as the chi‐square or the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistics. When interpreting data that do not follow a single straight line on a log–log exceedence plot, it is important to take into account that ‘segmented’ power laws are not simple mixtures of power law populations with arbitrary parameters. Although a simple model of flow confinement does result in segmented plots at the centre of a basin, the segmented shape of the exceedence curve breaks down as the sampling location moves away from the basin centre. The lognormal mixture model is a sedimentologically intuitive alternative to the power law distribution. The expectation–maximization algorithm can be used to estimate the parameters and thus to model lognormal bed thickness mixtures. Taking into account these observations, the bed thickness data from the Tarcău Sandstone are best described by a lognormal mixture model with two components. Compared with the Marnoso‐Arenacea Formation, in which bed thicknesses of thin beds have a larger variability than thicknesses of the thicker beds, the thinner‐bedded population of the Tarcău Sandstone has a lower variability than the thicker‐bedded population. Such differences might reflect contrasting depositional settings, such as the difference between channel levées and basin plains.     

阿拉斯加巴罗AB—67钻孔岩芯的沉积环境分析

巴罗ＡＢ－６７钻孔岩芯的４８个样品被进行了２５个项目的粒度分析和４４个项目的地球化学分析。本文对这些数据进行了Ｑ型因子分析,并得到了４个主因子。研究表明,这４个因子分别代表了沉积环境的四项指标,它们分别为沉积速率,降水,海平面和温度。从岩芯顶部５个样品与巴罗气象台观测记录研究了古温度和古降水的转换函数,从＾２１０Ｐｂ测年和几个环境事件确定了沉积速率的转换函数。     

Coda Q before and after the eruptions of 13 November 1985, and 1 September 1989, at Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia

 Coda Q^–1 was calculated at Nevado del Ruiz Volcano (NRV) before and after two phreatomagmatic eruptions (November 1985, September 1989) and for a period of stability (May 1987) using a functional form for coda derived from a single scattering model (Sato 1977). Substantial changes were found before and after the eruptions. The highest value of Q^–1 was found during the November 1985 eruption, an intermediate value for the September 1989 eruption, and the lowest value for May 1987. It seems that the changes in coda Q^–1 at NRV have a still-unknown relationship with the volume or magnitude of the eruption. A relatively strong frequency dependence was found for all periods. Also Q^–1 clearly changed with time, suggesting that the scattering was strong for the eruption of November 1985 and decreased for the eruption of September 1989, and that the intrinsic absorption probably increased. This suggests the possibility that crystallization is taking place in the NRV magma. The clear change of coda Q^–1 before and after the eruptions at NRV also suggests the possibility that coda Q^–1 is a premonitory tool of activity at this volcano. Received: 25 October 1996 / Accepted: 21 January 1998     

西昌地区地方震尾波衰减Q值

基于单次散射模型的尾波动功率谱分析法,利用西昌遥测台网地震波实时处理系统记录的２４个地震数字化波形资料,计算了西昌地区地球介质对应于１３个不同的ＱＣ值,在１．０－２０．０Ｈｚ频率范围内,以幂函数ＱＣ＝ＱＣｆ＾ｎ拟合ＱＣ值随的变化关系,其中Ｑ０值在４３．０－８２．４之间,ｎ值在０．２４－０．９４之间,平均值分别为６６．２和０．５３。     

克拉美丽气田石炭系火山岩复杂岩性岩电特征

准噶尔盆地东部克拉美丽气田石炭系火山岩岩石类型复杂多样,且同一岩性由于结构、构造和成分的差异,电性特征差异亦较大,岩性识别困难。本文通过对该区14口井取心段岩电关系研究,认为自然伽马、电阻率、密度三种曲线岩性特征响应明显; 电阻率、中子、密度、声波四条曲线对火山岩岩石构造特征响应明显。并编制了岩性和岩石构造测井识别交会图版11张。进而利用电测资料识别出该区11种火山岩岩石类型: 正长斑岩、二长斑岩、玄武岩、粗面岩、英安岩、流纹岩、霏细岩、沉凝灰岩、熔结凝灰岩、火山角砾岩和熔结火山角砾岩; 识别出5种岩石构造类型: 正长斑岩中气孔及块状构造和玄武岩中杏仁、碎裂及块状构造。通过本区12口钻井取心后验,测井识别结果与钻井岩心分析结果吻合良好,可作为地区性火山岩测井岩性、岩石构造识别模式。     

双复杂介质条件下的反Q滤波偏移延拓算子研究

地下介质的非弹性吸收衰减效应造成地震资料中深层信号频带窄、能量弱、成像困难,因此需要对地层的非弹性吸收衰减进行补偿。在已有的补偿方法基础上,基于单程波方程,采用与品质因子和频率相关的复速度代替介质真实速度,将粘滞传播算子在频率—空间域采用连分式展开,得到相移项和补偿项,针对连分式的误差,在频率—波数域进行补偿校正,并用逐步累加法解决起伏地表问题。该方法提高了成像精度,有效补偿了由于地层非弹性吸收造成的振幅和频率损失。模型试算和实际资料处理表明,该方法具有一定的适应性和实用性。     

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