SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF MIDTROPOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PATTERNS AND ASSOCIATED SURFACE CLIMATE IN THE UNITED STATES DURING ENSO WINTERS

Numerous studies have documented that the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern is the dominant extratropical response to ENSO forcing affecting the circulation over North America. However, the PNA is not the sole pattern that occurs during ENSO events. This study identifies the dominant synoptic circulation patterns and associated temperature and precipitation departures that occur during ENSO winters. Using standardized departures of 500 mbar heights over North America and the North Pacific Ocean, a subjective classification of the anomaly maps for winter months identified as warm ENSO events identifies three basic categories of 500 mbar standardized anomaly patterns: Variations of the PNA pattern, the reverse PNA pattern, and patterns with no PNA signature. Composite standardized anomaly maps of the synoptic categories of 500 mbar heights as well as composites of standardized temperature and precipitation departures for the contiguous United States were constructed. Three variations of the PNA, accounting for nearly half of the ENSO winters, are presented, identifying various configurations of the 500 mbar anomaly field and their effect on precipitation and temperature distribution. Similar composites are presented for reverse PNA and non-PNA winters. [Key words: climatology, climate change, El Nińo/Southern Oscillation, troposphere.]     

An efficient and self‐adaptive approach for Q value optimization

The time‐invariant gain‐limit‐constrained inverse Q‐filter can control the numerical instability of the inverse Q‐filter, but it often suppresses the high frequencies at later times and reduces the seismic resolution. To improve the seismic resolution and obtain high‐quality seismic data, we propose a self‐adaptive approach to optimize the Q value for the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation. The optimized Q value is self‐adaptive to the cutoff frequency of the effective frequency band for the seismic data, the gain limit of the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation, the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation function, and the medium quality factor. In the processing of the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation, the optimized Q value, corresponding gain limit, and amplitude compensation function are used simultaneously; then, the energy in the effective frequency band for the seismic data can be recovered, and the seismic resolution can be enhanced at all times. Furthermore, the small gain limit or time‐variant bandpass filter after the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation is considered to control the signal‐to‐noise ratio, and the time‐variant bandpass filter is based on the cutoff frequency of the effective frequency band for the seismic data. Synthetic and real data examples demonstrate that the self‐adaptive approach for Q value optimization is efficient, and the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation with the optimized Q value produces high‐resolution and low‐noise seismic data.     

临河盆地中部地区地震动高频衰减参数kappa值的研究

kappa值是描述地震动傅里叶幅值谱高频段衰减速率的物理量,其是地震动模拟中的一个重要参数。该研究以临河盆地中部地区为研究区域(N:40°—42°;E:106°—108°),选取2009-2019年盆地内4个强震动台站记录到的16次地震(2≤M_S≤6)26条强震数据,利用Anderson与Hough提出的经典算法(傅氏谱法),将加速度记录的水平方向的分量kappa(E-W)与kappa(N-S)分别研究。利用kappa值的均值(kappa(Mean))与震中距的拟合,发现其存在较为明显的线性关系,估算出临河盆地中部地区的高频衰减参数kappa0值为0.044～0.050 s。利用线性关系斜率k_R,估算临河盆地中部地区180 km范围内的等效品质因子Q值为2 763～3 367。四个台站的kappa值与震中距分布关系与Castro研究意大利翁布里亚盆地kappa值分布关系一致,存在70至100 km内kappa值有慢增长趋势,此结论验证了我们估算的合理性。     

陨石原始型惰性气体的研究进展——Q气及其携带物特征

陨石中的原始型惰性气体是在陨石形成前或陨石形成期间,组成陨石的物质通过吸附、溶解等方式将原始太阳星云中的惰性气体保留在陨石中形成的。实验研究发现,球粒陨石中的原始型惰性气体浓集中一种称为Q相的物质中,因此在原始型惰性气体中占绝对优势的组分被称为Q气或P1气。介绍了陨石原型惰性气体概念的由来、Q相的发现经过、Q相的成分和在球粒陨石中的存在部位以及Q气的元素丰度和同位素组成。并根据不同类型损石中Q气的分配情况,对其成因意义进行了讨论。     

土壤异养呼吸温度敏感性(Q10)的影响因子

首先对国内外土壤异养呼吸Q10的研究成果进行了全面的综合述评.影响土壤异养呼吸Q10的因子主要包括环境因子(主要是温度和湿度)、呼吸底物和土壤生物等.较多的研究表明土壤异养呼吸的Q10在低温时较高,高温时较低,但Q10也可随温度升高而增加,或随温度变化而保持稳定;通常土壤异养呼吸的Q10与土壤水分成正相关,但极端水分条件下(干旱胁迫或渍水)Q10较低;有限的研究表明呼吸底物和土壤生物对土壤异养呼吸Q10的影响还具有很大的不确定性;调控土壤异养呼吸Q10的机理目前还不清楚.然后从温度、水分、呼吸底物、土壤微生物对土壤异养呼吸Q10的影响等方面对影响土壤异养呼吸温度敏感性的原因进行了深入的探讨,并提出未来应重点开展的研究:(1)加强不同尺度土壤异养呼吸Q10的影响因子及调控机理研究;(2)扩大土壤异养呼吸Q10的野外研究;(3)扩大热带、亚热带土壤异养呼吸Q10的研究;(4)深入探讨呼吸底物有效性和土壤生物对土壤异养呼吸Q10的影响;(5)加强其他因子对土壤异养呼吸Q10影响的研究.     

基于综合结构势概念的结构性原状黄土屈服准则

为了研究结构性原状黄土在加载条件下的破坏特性,采用试验的方法对Q2原状黄土进行了非饱和土三轴剪切试验研究。基于试验成果,定义了可以考虑球应力、偏应力和基质吸力等因素的土的结构性变量参数m。利用通过试验提出的m的计算方法,找出抗剪强度参数c、 值与m之间的关系,推导出m与c、 值的曲线方程,分别将曲线方程代入到Drucker-Prager（D-P）准则方程中对其进行修正,建立了结构性Q2原状黄土的修正屈服准则,该准则可以考虑Q2原状黄土的结构性影响,符合黄土的结构性特性,绘制出可反应结构性参数影响的屈服面,并验证了其合理性。     

An evaluation of the hysteresis in chemical concentration–discharge (C–Q) relationships from drained,intensively managed grasslands in southwest England

This study examined the hysteresis exhibited in concentration–discharge (C–Q) relationships in the runoff from four hydrologically separated fields (catchments) at an intensively managed grassland. The objectives were to examine C–Q relationships constructed from high-resolution time series of flow, temperature, pH, conductivity, nitrate and turbidity, and their implications for hydrological processes. High-resolution datasets from the quality assured records of the Rothamsted Research North Wyke Farm Platform in the UK were examined using a graphical method and cross-correlation statistics. The study found that storm events based C–Q hysteresis reflects the cross-correlation that is generally hidden in time series analysis of large datasets, and that although Q and water quality variables can be effectively influenced by catchment size, the C–Q relationship is less significantly influenced. The dominant C–Q relationships of the water variables in the study area reflect that saturated overland flow was prevalent during the study period in the catchments, while the CCF results indicate coupled transfer of sediments and solute in the area at lag ≥ 0.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis

ASSOCIATE EDITOR M. D. Fidelibus     

Planetary and pre-solar noble gases in meteorites

Noble gases are not rare in the Universe, but they are rare in rocks. As a consequence, it has been possible to identify in detailed analyses a variety of components whose existence is barely visible in other elements: radiogenic and cosmogenic gases produced in situ, as well as a variety of “trapped” components – both of solar (solar wind) origin and the “planetary” noble gases. The latter are most abundant in the most primitive chondritic meteorites and are distinct in elemental and isotopic abundance patterns from planetary noble gases sensu strictu, e.g., those in the atmospheres of Earth and Mars, having in common only the strong relative depletion of light relative to heavy elements when compared to the solar abundance pattern. In themselves, the “planetary” noble gases in meteorites constitute again a complex mixture of components including such hosted by pre-solar stardust grains.The pre-solar components bear witness of the processes of nucleosynthesis in stars. In particular, krypton and xenon isotopes in pre-solar silicon carbide and graphite grains keep a record of physical conditions of the slow-neutron capture process (s-process) in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. The more abundant Kr and Xe in the nanodiamonds, on the other hand, show a more enigmatic pattern, which, however, may be related to variants of the other two processes of heavy element nucleosynthesis, the rapid neutron capture process (r-process) and the p-process producing the proton-rich isotopes.“Q-type” noble gases of probably “local” origin dominate the inventory of the heavy noble gases (Ar, Kr, Xe). They are hosted by “phase Q”, a still ill-characterized carbonaceous phase that is concentrated in the acid-insoluble residue left after digestion of the main meteorite minerals in HF and HCl acids. While negligible in planetary-gas-rich primitive meteorites, the fraction carried by “solubles” becomes more important in chondrites of higher petrologic type. While apparently isotopically similar to Q gas, the elemental abundances are somewhat less fractionated relative to the solar pattern, and they deserve further study. Similar “planetary” gases occur in high abundance in the ureilite achondrites, while small amounts of Q-type noble gases may be present in some other achondrites. A “subsolar” component, possibly a mixture of Q and solar noble gases, is found in enstatite chondrites. While no definite mechanism has been identified for the introduction of the planetary noble gases into their meteoritic host phases, there are strong indications that ion implantation has played a major role.The planetary noble gases are concentrated in the meteorite matrix. Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) are largely planetary-gas-free, however, some trapped gases have been found in chondrules. Micrometeorites (MMs) and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) often contain abundant solar wind He and Ne, but they are challenging objects for the analysis of the heavier noble gases that are characteristic for the planetary component. The few existing data for Xe point to a Q-like isotopic composition. Isotopically Q-Kr and Q-Xe show a mass dependent fractionation relative to solar wind, with small radiogenic/nuclear additions. They may be closer to “bulk solar” Kr and Xe than Kr and Xe in the solar wind, but for a firm conclusion it is necessary to gain a better understanding of mass fractionation during solar wind acceleration.     

Runoff generative process and runoff yield from arid talus mantled slopes

Previous works dealing with the influence of a stone cover on runoff yield showed that runoff, attributed to the sealing effect of the topsoil by raindrops impact, was negatively related to the per cent of stone cover and stone size. These works were conducted on gentle slopes (3–11·5 degree) with a per cent of stone cover generally lower than 50 per cent, and composed of gravels. The present study deals with the runoff yield of steep talus slopes (26–36 degree) whose per cent of stone cover is very high (90–100 per cent), composed of cobbles and boulders. Three stimulated rainstorms were performed at various rainfall. intensities and durations on each one of six plots representative of the North eastern sector of Sinai. Although the contiguous stony cover prevented surface sealing by raindrops impact, runoff developed quite quickly on most slopes, and reached at peak discharge, after approximately ten minutes, up to 56 per cent of the rainfall. Differences between plots, in time lag, peak discharge and other hydrological variables, could be attributed mainly to the properties of the upper stony layer, with stone size as the most influential factor. Contrary to previous works, a positive relationship, was obtained between stone size to runoff yield. The result is explained by the process of water concentration. Each cobble and boulder behaves, on a smaller scale, like a bare rocky surface and yields per unit area water amounts beyond the infiltration rate of the limited uncovered areas. For a given stony cover the effect of water concentration is quicker with the big blocks than with gravels. A series of graphs trying to relate theoretically the relative importance of sealing and water concentration processes in runoff generation, at various conditions of stone cover and stone size, is proposed. The graphs enable to reconcile the results of the present study with those of previous works.     

地震波品质因子Q研究进展综述

研究地震波的衰减可以了解岩石的微构造及变化,以及岩石在地下所遇到的环境条件.衰减主要由岩石的微观性质-诸如岩石内部裂纹的密度、分布、构造以及所含流体的相互作用决定的,所以测量地震波的衰减对于了解岩石的物理状态非常重要.本文主要从岩石物理方面阐述了各种衰减机制、品质因子Q的主要影响因素及测量方法;说明了Q作为各种参量(频率、孔隙度、流体含量等)的函数是很有意义的观测量,对Q的测量在实际探测油气中有着重要意义.