横向沙丘背风侧沙粒风蚀起动的风洞模拟

通过风洞实验,探讨了横向沙丘背风侧“二次流”的沉积学和形态-动力学意义。在不同迎风坡坡度的横向沙丘模型背风侧,我们观测了不同位置沙粒的起动风速以及在临界状态下沙粒的运动特征。结果表明,沙丘背风侧的颗粒起动风速不仅与其距沙丘顶部的距离有关,也与沙丘迎风坡坡度有密切关系。根据沙丘背风侧颗粒运动特征,可以将其划分为向后运动区域、晃动或摆动区域以及向前运动区域,产生这一现象的原因是在沙丘背风坡气流分离、反向涡和气流重新辐合共同作用的结果。在所有的观测结果中,迎风坡坡度为15°的沙丘具有最大的沙粒起动风速和最远的气流重新辐合距离,其原因尚需进一步研究。     

A Physical and Numerical Investigation on the Stability of Shallow Tunnels in Strain Softening Media

Summary The behaviour up to failure of shallow underground openings is discussed on the basis of some laboratory, small-scale model tests and of finite element simulation. The experimental results are first illustrated. They were obtained from two-dimensional (plane strain) and three-dimensional tunnel models tested under standard gravity conditions. Then, the phenomenon of strain localisation that characterizes the medium surrounding the model tunnels is discussed, recalling two alternative approaches for its numerical interpretation. On this basis, a finite element procedure for strain softening analyses is outlined and applied to the simulation of the tests in both two- and three-dimensional conditions. The comparison between experimental and numerical results leads to some conclusions on the influence of strain localisation on the overall behaviour of shallow tunnels and on the stability of their headings.     

Terrestrial sensitivity to abrupt cooling recorded by aeolian activity in northwest Ohio, USA

Lower slopes of the Sandia Mountains are characterized by granitic corestone topography and weathering-limited slopes with thin grusy colluvium and weakly developed soils. In contrast, thick soils with illuvial clay and pedogenic carbonate have developed below aplite outcrops. Aplite is resistant to chemical decomposition, but physically weathers to blocky clasts that enhance surface roughness and erosional resistance of colluvium, promoting accumulation of eolian fines. Thick B horizons on aplite slopes indicate limited erosion and prolonged periods of stability and soil development. Accretion of eolian material limits runoff and prevents attainment of a steady-state balance between soil production and downslope transport.     

金字塔沙丘地表气流场及其动力学过程研究

沙丘沉积构造指示及风洞实验结果表明：莫高窟顶金字塔沙丘形成于３组风向条件下（ＮＥ、ＳＷ及ＮＷ）,是链状沙丘的一种变形、分离形式。从沙丘形态特征分析,三面体金字塔沙丘及其它复杂沙丘类型（线形、格状、多面体金字塔沙丘）之间存在某种内在本质的联系。即多信风条件下产生的风向组合,通过主、副脊（梁）的不同形式发育组合过程,形成适应于地表气流的地貌形态。同时认为：沙丘沉积构造及风洞实验相结合的综合研究比以往单一过程研究更为全面、系统、深刻。     

一次动压煤矿巷道预应力锚索支护设计与参数优化

针对阳泉矿区一次采场巷道,采用正交数值分析方法和灰色理论中的关联度分析,进行了支护参数的优化决策。选择了8因素3水平的正交数值试验方案,进行18次数值计算,研究了不同的一次动压条件（应力环境）和支护参数的巷道稳定性与变形特征。在计算中,考虑了围岩锚固的“强度效应”,提出了锚固效应在数值计算中的实施方案;提出了巷道稳定性和变形收敛率两类评价准则,确定了相应的局部优化方案。在此基础上,综合支护成本和施工难易程度等因素,采用了灰色理论进行最佳方案的关联度分析,由此获得一次动压巷道的最优支护方案。该研究已应用于阳泉矿区一次采场巷道支护设计,取得了较满意的支护效果。     

影响深埋长隧道岩爆的主要因素分析

岩爆是深埋长隧道的主要工程地质问题之一。影响岩石发生岩爆的主要因素有围岩性质、埋深、区域构造应力、地形地貌、活断层和地震等。文中对上述因素对岩爆的影响进行了分析,并指出精细的地面地质调查是合理评价深埋长隧道岩爆的基础。     

沙丘形态及表沙粒度特征对风况和地表植被变化的响应

以毛乌素沙地3种沙丘（新月形沙丘、抛物线形沙丘和反向沙丘）为研究对象,对其形态、表沙粒度特征和区域风况进行了量化分析,探讨了沙丘表沙物理运动过程及其形态对外界条件（风况和地表植被）变化的反馈,揭示了沙丘表沙粒度特征对不同沙丘形态的响应机制。结果表明：新月形沙丘表沙平均粒径由迎风坡底部向顶部逐渐变小,分选呈现逐渐变好趋势, 但粒径较小和分选较差的表沙样出现在沙丘迎风坡中部。随着地表植被覆盖度的增加,新月形沙丘逐渐向抛物线形沙丘转变,近地表输沙能力和沙丘上风向沙源的供应同样受到限制,致使抛物线形沙丘由迎风坡底部向顶部呈现表沙平均粒径变大,而分选逐渐变好的趋势。毛乌素沙地内季节性风况（春季盛行强劲西北风,夏季盛行较弱东南风）的变化不仅促进了反向沙丘的发育,并且重组了西北盛行风影响下的表沙粒度特征。在夏季反向风风蚀的作用下,沙丘落沙坡顶部出现反向堆积和脊线反向移动的现象,同时其顶部呈现平均粒径由小变大、分选逐渐变好的趋势。     

基于倾斜摄影技术的戈壁灌丛沙丘形态反演及其对粉尘释放研究的意义

灌丛沙丘是广泛分布于西北干旱区的风沙地貌。戈壁上发育的灌丛沙丘在戈壁沙尘释放和固沙能力方面具有重要的指示意义和应用价值。本研究采用倾斜摄影技术对戈壁上的灌丛沙丘形态特征进行观测和提取,并分析沉积物特征,计算戈壁灌丛沙丘的固沙能力,为沙尘释放研究提供依据。结果表明:(1)戈壁上发育的灌丛沙丘有明显的空间分布格局,即主要分布在干河床的两侧和地势低洼地区。(2)戈壁灌丛沙丘在形态上和其他地表灌丛沙丘类似,但沙丘的长度、宽度、底面积、体积等小得多,而且参数之间具有明显的相关关系。(3)沉积物的累积概率曲线表现为三段式,跃移组分的粒度范围(50~700 μm)明显与以往研究不同。沙丘内部和表层的粉沙和黏土含量分别为4.47%和5.24%,从而说明灌丛沙丘能够捕获戈壁上释放的粉尘物质。(4)戈壁地区单个灌丛沙丘的粉尘释放量约0.05~0.08 m³,固沙能力最大可达18.71 m³。     

Interactive discovery of sequential patterns in time series of wind data

Wind speed and direction vary over space and time due to the interactions between different pressures and temperature gradients within the atmospheric layers. Near the earth’s surface, these interactions are modulated by topography and artificial structures. Hence, characterizing wind behaviour over large areas and long periods is a complex but essential task for various energy-related applications. In this study, we present a novel approach to discover wind patterns by integrating sequential pattern mining and interactive visualization techniques. The approach relies on the use of the Linear time Closed pattern Miner sequence algorithm in conjunction with a time sliding window that allows the discovery of all sequential patterns present in the data. These patterns are then visualized using integrated 2D and 3D coordinated multiple views and visually explored to gain insight into the characteristics of the wind from a spatial, temporal and attribute (type of wind pattern) point of view. This proposed approach is used to analyse 10 years of hourly wind speed and direction data for 29 weather stations in the Netherlands. The results show that there are 15 main sequential patterns in the data. The spatial task shows that weather stations located in the same region do not necessarily experience similar wind pattern. For within the selected time interval, similar wind patterns can be observed in different stations and in the same station at different times of occurrence. The attribute task discovered that the repetitive occurrences of chosen pattern indicate as regular wind behaviour at different weather stations that persisted continuously over time. The results of these tasks show that the proposed interactive discovery facilitates the understanding of wind dynamics in space and time.