Precambrian snapshots: Morphodynamics of Torridonian fluvial braid bars revealed by three‐dimensional photogrammetry and outcrop sedimentology

Pre‐vegetation fluvial channels have long been considered predominantly sheet‐like in geometry, owing to hydraulic sections that rapidly widened rather than incise during floods. This motif has been paralleled to that of modern dryland rivers subject to sharp discharge fluctuations during ephemeral floods. However, a number of Precambrian fluvial successions have been recently appraised as the product of deep‐channelled systems characterized by relatively stable – probably perennial – discharge regimes. One such example is the ca 1·0 Ga Applecross Formation, part of the well‐studied Torridon Group of Scotland. To contribute to this debate and to provide refined morphodynamic models for the Applecross Formation, this article presents an integration of three‐dimensional photogrammetry and outcrop sedimentology applied to key exposures at Stoer Peninsula, north‐western Scottish Highlands. Analysis of selected sandbodies reveals that high‐relief fluvial sand bars, both mid‐channel and bank‐attached, evolved within deep, braided‐channel belts. These bars grew through complex mechanisms of accretion and reactivation related to different flood stages: upstream and downstream accretion probably occurred during waning‐flood stages characterized by high hydrograph levels and abundant sediment availability; lateral accretion took place during later waning‐flood stages, and it was associated in some cases with helical recirculation and increase in bend sinuosity. Overall, the depicted morphodynamics are consistent with prolonged flood events that cannot be reconciled with sharply fluctuating discharge regimes. Critical comparisons between the internal geometry of the studied bars and modern counterparts corroborate the findings herein. Thus, this study recommends stricter comparisons between the products of modern braided channels and Precambrian fluvial rock records featuring thick and well‐developed bar forms.     

石鼓群的划分及变质特征探讨

石鼓群位于云南西北部,面积约1 600km2,为甘孜一理塘板块的结晶基底.据现有资料,分为古元古代黎明岩群、中元古代新主岩群、新元古代巨甸岩群.黎明岩群为云母石英片岩、云母片岩,夹斜长片麻岩、斜长角闪岩.泥质岩石中具铁铝榴石、十字石、蓝晶石组合,基性岩中具铁铝榴石、普通角闪石组合,为中压低角闪岩相.黎明岩群后期抬升减压,叠加低压低角闪岩相变质,新生红柱石,部分原生蓝晶石退变成红柱石.于侵入其中的斜长角闪岩中获得Nd同位素模式年龄1 369.8Ma和1 343.8Ma,绿泥石英片岩中获得1 896.6Ma和2 161MaNd同位素模式年龄,故将黎明岩群时代置于古元古代.新主岩群分哈吉洛岩组和路西岩组,岩性为云母石英片岩、云母片岩、大理岩夹片麻岩及斜长角闪岩,部分岩石具糜棱岩化.哈吉洛岩组为低压低角闪岩相,具红柱石、十字石、铁铝榴石组合,路西岩组为高绿片岩相.于侵入新主岩群中的变质变形花岗质岩脉中获得锆石铅同位素年龄811 ±2Ma、820±1Ma、823±1Ma,故将新主岩群时代置于中元古代.巨甸岩群分陇巴岩组和塔城岩组,岩性为千枚岩、板岩,夹一层变质杏仁状玄武岩,为低绿片岩相.     

柴河铅锌矿碳酸盐矿物热发光标型及其意义

作者对柴河铅锌矿碳酸盐矿物热发光特征进行了系统研究。建立了含矿碳酸盐矿物的热发光标型。含矿碳酸盐矿物热发光具有发光强度显著衰减,发光中温峰消失或不明显,高温峰平缓,发光曲线呈钝型的特点。碳酸盐矿物热发光测定作为一种矿物学找矿方法,应用于中元古宙层控碳酸盐岩铅锌矿床的找矿实践中,不仅可以直接发现矿化和推断断裂构造,而且可以圈定热发光低强度区,从而缩小找矿靶区,为普查找矿提供依据。     

The Vetreny Poyas (Windy Belt) subprovince of southeastern Fennoscandia: An essential component of the ca. 2.5–2.4 Ga Sumian large igneous provinces

Ca. 2.5–2.4 Ga Sumian magmatism is widespread in the Karelia and Kola cratons of Fennoscandia and probably represents at least two intermixed large igneous provinces (LIPs). It is distinct from other Paleoproterozoic LIPs (Jatulian 2.22–2.1 Ga and Ludicovian 2.06–1.96 Ga) elsewhere in the Fennoscandian Shield. A poorly understood portion of Sumian magmatism is the Vetreny Poyas (Windy Belt) subprovince, which covers ∼75,000 km² in southeastern Fennoscandia. This subprovince consists of four genetically related complexes which developed at different levels in the crust: a volcanic complex (komatiitic basaltic lava flows on Golets, Levgora and Myandukha hills, and Victoria lava lake on Levgora hill), a subvolcanic complex (mafic–ultramafic sills and lopoliths including Ruiga, Kirichgora, Kozhozero and Undozero), plutonic complexes (Burakovsky and Vyzhiga) and a dyke complex (gabbronoritic Avdeyevo and Shala dykes and peridotitic Vinela and Koppalozero dykes). Similar patterns are present in other Sumian belts elsewhere in Karelia, for instance in southern Lapland and the Kola Peninsula.     

大民屯凹陷元古宇储集层特征及控制因素

大民屯凹陷元古宇为主要的油气产层,主要分布于凹陷的西部和北部,呈北东走向、由西南向北东呈阶梯状分布的格局,目前已建成了静安堡北、平安堡、安福屯油田。综合研究认为,中上元古界长城系的大红峪组和高于庄组储集层主要为碳酸盐岩和石英岩类,并将两组地层分7个沉积旋回18个小层。总结了不同岩性、不同小层的储集层特征,认为储集空间主要有裂缝、孔隙和洞3类,并以高角度裂缝为主。白云岩多为裂缝型储层;石英砂岩以裂缝为主,晶孔、晶洞、晶缝为辅型储层。结合测井资料,对含油气储层进行了识别和综合评价。对影响储集性能的因素进行了分析,认为受岩性、断裂、古风化、岩溶等条件综合控制,储集空间复杂,非均质性较强。     

中国元古代碳酸盐岩微亮晶构造及形成的沉积环境约束

微亮晶构造(Microspar,Molar-Tooth Structure,简称MT)发育于全球各稳定克拉通的中、新元古代盖层碳酸盐岩中。微亮晶构造碳酸盐岩也发育于中国大部分地区的中、新元古代地层中。全球范围的中、新元古代微亮晶构造都表现显著一致的岩石学和沉积学特征。微亮晶构造呈肠状褶皱状等复杂形态。微亮晶由5~15μm的均匀、等粒状,规则或不规则多边形方解石或白云石组成。宿主沉积岩相岩石主要含有少量陆源碎屑物质的碎屑灰岩。微亮晶构造在阴极发光(CL)和背散射(BS)显微镜下显示,每个微晶方解石个体内部发育似棱形的晶核,其外为叠置的微晶方解石晶簇,说明微亮晶构造是围绕微晶核"增生"加大的集合体。微亮晶和宿主围岩电子探针测试表明,微亮晶Ca含量38%~40%,Mg、Al、Si、P、K、Fe含量小于0.2%,基质中粘土矿物含量和Si和Al的含量较高。微亮晶宿主岩相主要砂屑、粉屑和泥屑灰岩(白云岩)与含铁含泥灰质泥页岩,垂向岩相序列表现为向上变浅、变薄,其中频繁发育冲刷、充填和硬底(hardground)与压溶构造,以及平行层理,各种规模斜层理、波状层理-水平层理、粒序层理、同沉积揉皱构造和变浅与暴露构造等,反应了微亮晶构造碳酸盐岩的形成严格受沉积环境和微沉积岩相的约束,无一例外地发育于浅潮下带-潮上带(环潮坪)环境。微亮晶构造碳酸盐岩不仅是环潮坪沉积环境的指相标志,也是全球元古代时期特殊与重要沉积岩石类型,其形成受控于全球古地理和古海洋地球化学条件与背景,是中、新元古代时期全球变化的沉积记录,有益于全球对比和元古代古地理、大地构造重建。     

华北陆块早元古代基性岩墙群及其构造意义

华北陆块中部带的晋冀蒙地区早元古代未变形变质基性岩脉形成于1781~1765 Ma。东部陆块鲁西地区早元古代类似的基性岩脉形成时间约为1841 Ma。中部带基性岩脉依据其FeOt含量、(Nb/La)N和(Th/Nb)N值的差异能划分为组1、组2和组3三类。它们的元素-同位素组成变化表明,组1样品起源于再循环大陆玄武质组分参与的交代岩石圈地幔,组2样品源于交代富铁岩石圈地幔与MORB组分的混杂源区,组3样品则是受辉长质组分混染的、经俯冲改造而成的岩石圈地幔产物。相反,鲁西地区基性岩脉亏损HFSE,具MORB型钕同位素组成。上述地球化学特征支持华北陆块中部带约1780 Ma的基性岩脉与早期俯冲碰撞作用的关系密切,而东部陆块约1840 Ma基性岩脉类似于弧后盆地构造背景产物。     

华北克拉通南部古元古界熊耳群大古石组碎屑岩的地球化学特征及其地质意义

华北克拉通南部熊耳—中条拗拉谷中广泛发育的古元古界熊耳群火山岩,是华北克拉通结晶基底形成后规模最大、涉及范围最广的火山活动产物,以火山熔岩占绝对优势,沉积岩和火山碎屑岩主要分布在大古石组及马家河组,仅占地层总厚度的43%。本文从沉积学角度,探讨熊耳群火山岩的形成环境及其构造背景。底部大古石组碎屑岩主要由一套砂砾岩、砂岩和泥质岩组成。其岩相学特征表明大古石组自下而上的沉积相为河流相—湖泊相—河流相。自下而上对比大古石组剖面中碎屑岩的地球化学数据(Sr、Ga、V)及相应比值(Sr/Ba、Th/U、Zr/Rb),认为大古石组碎屑岩以陆相沉积(河流相和湖泊相)为主,但中后期伴有海侵作用。通过对其泥质岩的主、微量元素地球化学特征的研究,认为大古石组碎屑岩主要来源于花岗质成分,但混有一定量的基性物质;源岩以太古宙地层为主,可能有古元古代地层的加入,经历了中等程度的风化作用,并快速堆积形成的。大古石组碎屑岩形成于被动大陆边缘环境,代表了古元古代末华北克拉通伸展—裂解事件的开始;熊耳群火山岩则是在被动大陆边缘的裂谷环境发育形成的。     

内蒙大青山地区早前寒武纪高级变质岩系特征和变质动力学

本文根据岩石组合、原岩建造、构造、岩浆事件,以及同位素年龄等资料的分析,认为内蒙大青山地区高级变质岩系由太古代和早元古代两个变质岩系组成。通过变质矿物组合的转变,讨论了它们的变质作用演化过程,太古代麻粒岩相变质与区域热流异常增高有关,早元古代高级变质起因于造山作用。它们是两次构造性质明显不同的麻粒岩事件。