水布垭面板堆石坝流变影响研究

采用9参数流变模型对水布垭面板堆石坝堆石料的流变影响进行了分析和研究,并从试验角度对堆石料流变变形机理进行了初步探讨。计算结果表明,三维仿真计算的典型部位的大坝沉降变形历时曲线与实测沉降资料比较吻合,验证了9参数流变模型的有效性、可行性。     

南水北调东线工程对东平湖水环境的影响

为考察南水北调东线工程对东平湖水环境的影响,为受水区域的用水安全提供保障,于东线工程通水前后分别采集不同水文时期的东平湖湖水样品,分析测定后,采用综合污染指数法、综合营养状态指数法、健康风险评价模型,评价东线工程通水前后东平湖湖水水质级别、营养化水平和健康风险水平的差异。结果表明:东线工程通水后,东平湖湖水综合污染指数由通水前的0.49变为通水后的0.58,水质级别仍为Ⅲ级轻度污染,部分指标超标但不严重;综合营养状态指数由通水前的50.72降为通水后的47.90,表明营养化水平由轻度富营养状态好转为中营养水平;健康风险由通水前的2.91×10~(-4)a~(-1)降为通水后的9.35×10~(-5)a~(-1),即由通水前的中—高风险水平降低为通水后的中风险水平。结论可知,南水北调东线工程的通水有利于东平湖湖水环境的改善,但与其他典型淡水湖泊相比,东平湖湖水的健康风险仍相对偏高,后续需要进一步加强湖区环境保护和污染排放的管控。     

地质雷达在三峡工程施工应用研究

长江三峡工程施工阶段面临众多复杂的工程地质问题和施工技术难题,寻找一种快捷、高分辨无损探测手段查明施工中出现的隐蔽的地质缺陷或质量问题,无疑对施工进度和施工质量起到保证作用,采用地质雷达手段,探明了开挖过程中花岗岩体不均匀风化分布范围：圈定出较大断层及风化夹层的延伸范围和产状：并进行了专用高速公路质量检查等,文章结合三个实例介绍应用情况。经现场验证,探测结果与实际情况吻合,应用效果显著。     

三峡大坝深层抗滑稳定研究

三峡左岸厂房1～5号机组坝段存在高陡边坡沿缓（中）倾角结构面的深层滑动稳定问题,对坝基和高陡边坡稳定十分不利。根据实测的长大缓倾角结构面的分布,概化出各坝段的确定性滑移模式,并提出了两种假定的、极端的滑移模型。从工程结构措施、稳定分析方法以及监测资料分析等几个方面,探究了工程稳定性问题,校核和验证了大坝的稳定安全。分析方法主要采用刚体极限平衡法,同时辅以有限元数值分析与地质力学模型试验。左厂1～5号坝段按刚体极限平衡法求得的K′c值满足稳定安全的判据的要求,用其它分析方法：有限元法分析的K′c在3.0～4.5以上,地质力学模型试验,超载系数为3.5～4.2,表明左厂1～5号坝段在采取了各种工程结构措施后大坝及其岩基的抗滑稳定已有保证。     

Settlement and slaking problems in the world's fourth largest rock-fill dam, the Ataturk Dam in Turkey

The Ataturk Dam is the fourth largest clay cored rock-fill dam in the world. Located in southeastern Turkey, it is the centrepiece of a project called the Southeastern Anatolian Project (GAP). The construction of the dam was finished in the short time of 3 years and 8 months in August 1990. As the reservoir level started to rise, settlement problems started to occur along the crest reaching considerable levels by May 1992 and the weathered vesicular basalt used in the rock-fill section of the dam started to slake seriously. The elevation of the crest has fallen down to such an extent that now the upper part of the dam is being reconstructed to the original height of 549 m in order to maintain the 7 m freeboard and keep the dam operational. The settlement and slaking problems of the dam were investigated both in the field and the laboratory using soil and rock mechanical techniques. Standard proctor tests were run to determine the optimum moisture content at which the highest dry density (best compaction) is obtained during compaction of the impervious clay core. Consolidation tests were performed on undisturbed compacted clay core samples to determine if the field compaction of the clay core was done to the standards determined in the laboratory. Unconfined compression tests were run on the two different (sound aphanitic and weathered vesicular) basalts used in the rock-fill section of the dam to determine their unconfined compressive strengths. Slake durability tests were run on the same basalts to determine their durability under wetting and drying cycles. Petrographic and X-ray analysis were done so as to study the mineralogical contents of the two basalts and in turn, to determine the cause of rapid slaking of the vesicular textured weathered basalt. The consolidation test results show that, the field compaction of the impervious clay core of the dam was not done to the standards determined through the proctor tests in the laboratory. The unconfined compressive strength of the sound aphanitic basalt is more than ten times greater than the weathered vesicular basalt, and while the former has extremely high durability the latter only has medium durability. Because of nontronite (iron montmorillonite) and secondary calcite amygdules filling the vesicles, the weathered vesicular basalt used in the rock-fill section is slaking badly causing additional settlement and landslides both in the clay core which is already settling and the rock-fill section of the dam. With the continuing slaking, the present reconstruction of the crest up to the theoretically intended height of 549 m to maintain the 7 m freeboard and keep the dam operational seems only to be a temporary solution.     

三峡工程兴山峡口移民区滑坡防治与利用方案研究

以三峡库区湖北省兴山县峡口镇移民迁建新址为例,研究了在滑坡防治工程的基础上,结合移民建设进行土地开发利用方案。在１８０ｍ和２３０ｍ高程采用２排人工挖孔抗滑桩,有效地控制了滑体深层整体稳定性,并与上部公路建设相结合,形成了公路路面。在高程２００ｍ和２６０ｍ一带,采用小口径孔灌注桩,穿过滑带,承重与阻滑相结合,根据建设规划随机布置,为建筑提供桩基础与平地的同时,增加滑体稳定性,形成了４个平台,有效地解     

Peaceful Nuclear Explosions and the Geography of Scientific Authority

From 1957 to 1973, scientists and engineers working under the direction of the United States Atomic Energy Commission and its Livermore laboratory investigated, experimented with, and promoted the idea of ‘peaceful’ uses of nuclear explosives through a program called Project Plowshare. Proponents confidently argued that the ‘geographical engineering’ (as it was called) of harbors, canals, dams, and mountain passes could be accomplished safely, economically, and scientifically by means of nuclear‐blasted excavation. But the nuclear earthmoving explosions also produced large amounts of radioactive fallout, and with it, significant challenges to the program on scientific grounds. This paper examines several moments from the contested career of nuclear earthmoving to show how scientific and technical research under the Plowshare program, developed out of the resources of Cold War American science, was structured by geographical variations in scientific authority.     

京津风沙源区1959-2011年潜在蒸散气候敏感性的时空变异

基于Penman-Monteith公式和京津风沙源区及周边46个气象站1959-2011年逐日气象数据,分析了潜在蒸散对气温、风速、日照时数和相对湿度的敏感性及其时空变化规律。结果表明:(1)年尺度潜在蒸散对最高气温最为敏感,其次是相对湿度,对风速最不敏感;季节尺度最高气温和日照时数敏感系数的高值发生在夏季,最低气温、风速和相对湿度敏感系数的高值发生在冬季。(2)空间尺度潜在蒸散对最高气温、最低气温和相对湿度的敏感性表现为从东北向西南减少,而对日照时数表现为增加。(3)京津风沙源区1959-2011年潜在蒸散对气温的敏感性呈下降趋势,而对风速、日照时数和相对湿度的敏感性呈增加趋势。(4)气温的敏感性随温度升高而下降,而日照时数和相对湿度的敏感性随光照和湿度下降而升高。     

以新疆于田2次M_S7.3地震为例探讨安居富民工程的减灾作用

2004年,新疆地区开展了安居工程。自开始实施以来主要分为2004~2010年的抗震安居工程和2010年至今的安居富民工程两个阶段。至今,已经整整10年。在这10年里,安居工程在抗震中起到了重要的作用。通过分析于田地区近10年地震活动背景,重点对比2008年和2014年2次于田MS7.3地震中安居工程破坏的相关参数,最终通过参数对比认为安居富民工程的建设不但降低了房屋的破坏程度,减少了经济损失和人员伤亡,而且救灾的安置成本和政府抢险救灾的投入相对减少。同时,由于安居房在地震中表现出好的抗震性能的客观鲜明的示范作用,增强了农民群众的防震减灾意识,具有重要的社会意义。     

膨胀土裂隙的工程特性研究

裂隙是膨胀土的重要特征之一,长期以来,人们常常把分布于膨胀土大气影响深度范围内受干湿循环影响而产生的干缩裂隙与膨胀土地层中特有的原生裂隙混为一谈。在对膨胀土边坡失稳机制的研究中,也忽视了原生裂隙对边坡稳定的重要影响。为研究南水北调中线工程膨胀土地段渠道破坏机制,在河南省南阳市郊建设了一条长为2.05 km试验渠道,通过渠道开挖期间的地质勘察、现场观测和取样试验,以及对现场滑坡体的取样分析,研究了膨胀土裂隙及周边土体的物质成分、密度、含水率和强度特性,结合现场观测资料分析了裂隙与渠道滑坡的关系。研究表明,膨胀土地层中的原生裂隙有两种类型：光滑蜡状裂隙和有一定厚度充填黏土的裂隙。裂隙面上的物质成分与两侧土略有不同,且天然密度低、含水率高,强度远低于相邻土体的强度,一旦地层与边坡倾向一致,将产生沿裂隙面的滑动。