Preliminary results of environmental monitoring of the natural gas hydrate production test in the South China Sea

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is considered as one of the new clean energy sources of the 21st century with the highest potential. The environmental issues of NGH production have attracted the close attention of scientists in various countries. From May 10 to July 9, 2017, the first offshore NGH production test in the South China Sea (SCS) was conducted by the China Geological Survey. In addition, environmental security has also been effectively guaranteed via a comprehensive environmental monitoring system built during the NGH production test. The monitoring system considered sea-surface atmosphere methane and carbon dioxide concentrations, dissolved methane in the sea water column, and the seafloor physical oceanography and marine chemistry environment. The whole process was monitored via multiple means, in multiple layers, in all domains, and in real time. After the production test, an environmental investigation was promptly conducted to evaluate the environmental impact of the NGH production test. The monitoring results showed that the dissolved methane concentration in seawater and the near-seabed environment characteristics after the test were consistent with the background values, indicating that the NGH production test did not cause environmental problems such as methane leakage.     

地勘单位的矿业权生产经营管理与市场

矿业权是资产，是商品，可以依法上市流转交易。地质矿产勘查是矿业权产生的源头和子产业。地勘单位的专业核心竞争优势是地质矿产勘查，矿业权是地勘单位生存发展的物质基础；矿业权的生产经营管理工作，贯穿于矿产业的各个环节；矿业权商品的市场交易，实质是矿产资源勘查成果的交易；矿业权的生产经营管理工作是矿业权人的投入与再投入过程，其目的就是在最佳的经营阶段以最佳的经营形式通过矿业权市场获得最大的收益回报。     

专题地图设计辅助案例库建设的若干问题

地图制图案例是地图制图经验与知识组织与管理的基本单元。专题地图设计辅助案例库建设旨在构建一个独立于制图人员的地图制图经验与知识持续积累、有效融合与便捷再应用的系统与方法。文章立足于地图生产的现实需求,从工程化视角介绍了地图设计辅助案例库建设的研究内容与基本思路,重点对专题制图案例模板的内容设计进行了论述。地图制图案例库建设与应用为实践中地图设计水平与地图生产效率的持续提高提供了有效的支持。     

Stereo analysis of high-resolution SAR images for building height estimation in cases of orthogonal aspect directions

SAR stereo image analysis for 3D information extraction is mostly carried out based on imagery taken under same-side or opposite-side viewing conditions. For urban scenes in practice stereo is up to now usually restricted to the first configuration, because increasing image dissimilarity connected with rising illumination direction differences leads to a lack of suitable features for matching, especially in the case of low or medium resolution data. However, due to two developments SAR stereo from arbitrary viewing conditions becomes an interesting option for urban information extraction. The first one is the availability of airborne sensor systems, which are capable of more flexible data acquisition in comparison to satellite sensors. This flexibility enables multi-aspect analysis of objects in built-up areas for various kinds of purpose, such as building recognition, road network extraction, or traffic monitoring. The second development is the significant improvement of the geometric resolution providing a high level of detail especially of roof features, which can be observed from a wide span of viewpoints. In this paper, high-resolution SAR images of an urban scene are analyzed in order to infer buildings and their height from the different layover effects in views taken from orthogonal aspect angles. High level object matching is proposed that relies on symbolic data, representing suitable features of urban objects. Here, a knowledge-based approach is applied, which is realized by a production system that codes a set of suitable principles of perceptual grouping in its production rules. The images are analyzed separately for the presence of certain object groups and their characteristics frequently appearing on buildings, such as salient rows of point targets, rectangular structures or symmetries. The stereo analysis is then accomplished by means of productions that combine and match these 2D image objects and infer their height by 3D clustering. The approach is tested using real SAR data of an urban scene.     

In situ cosmogenic Be in olivines and pyroxenes

This study proposes an efficient new cleaning procedure for measuring in situ cosmogenic ¹⁰Be in olivines and pyroxenes. This chemical routine is specially designed to decontaminate the abundant meteoric ¹⁰Be from these minerals. The method was tested on mafic minerals from basaltic flows of Mt. Etna volcano and from Hawaiian flows and moraines. A sequential dissolution test shows that ¹⁰Be concentrations decrease with the number of cleaning steps until reaching a constant value. This is a necessary condition to demonstrate the efficiency of the method in properly decontaminating samples of meteoric ¹⁰Be. Moreover, cross-calibration with cosmogenic ³He measured within the same samples yielded a sea level high-latitude production rate of 4.5±0.4 at g⁻¹ a⁻¹ for cosmogenic ¹⁰Be in mafic minerals. This rate is within 1σ uncertainty of empirically or model-derived rates for ¹⁰Be on the same targets. Such concordance supports the consistency of the new method.     

The transportation sector and low-carbon growth pathways: modelling urban,infrastructure, and spatial determinants of mobility

This article contributes to the controversial debate over the effect of spatial organization on CO₂ emissions by investigating the potential of infrastructure measures that favour lower mobility in achieving the transition to a low-carbon economy. The energy–economy–environment (E3) IMACLIM-R model is used to provide a detailed representation of passenger and freight transportation. Unlike many of the E3 models used to simulate mitigation options, IMACLIM-R represents both the technological and behavioural determinants of mobility. By comparing business-as-usual, carbon price only, and carbon price combined with transport policy scenarios, it is demonstrated that the measures that foster a modal shift towards low-carbon modes and a decoupling of mobility needs from economic activity significantly modify the sectoral distribution of mitigation efforts and reduce the level of carbon tax necessary to reach a given climate target relative to a ‘carbon price only’ policy.

Policy relevance

Curbing carbon emissions from transport activities is necessary in order to reach mitigation targets, but it poses a challenge for policy makers. The transport sector has two peculiarities: a weak ability to react to standard pricing measures (which encourages richer policy interventions) and a dependence on long-lived infrastructure (which imposes a delay between policy interventions and effective action). To address these problems, a framework is proposed for analysing the role of transport-specific measures adopted complementarily to carbon pricing in the context of international climate policies. Consideration is given to alternative approaches such as infrastructure measures designed to control mobility through less mobility-intensive denser agglomerations, investment reorientation towards public mode, and logistics reorganization towards less mobility-dependent production processes. Such measures can significantly reduce transport emissions in the long term and hence would moderate an increase in the carbon price and reduce its more important detrimental impacts on the economy.     

新形势下地勘单位档案管理工作的思考

阐述了地勘单位档案管理工作的意义,指出了新形势下地勘单位档案管理工作存在的具体问题,提出了改进和加强地勘单位档案管理工作的建议。     

中原经济区城市体系空间组织

新型城镇化是引领中原经济区“三化”协调发展的重要切入点,而城市体系空间组织又是支撑新型城镇化的主要载体。依据空间组织的基本理论,采用多种空间分析手段,分析了中原经济区城市体系的空间组织路径,结论如下：① 通过规模实力、综合实力评价模型计算中原经济区30个省辖市的空间组织等级,结合空间组织的均衡原则,确定以郑州为核心城市,洛阳、邯郸、信阳和商丘为区域中心城市,晋城、安阳、南阳、淮北为区域性次中心城市的等级体系;② 应用分形理论、圈层分析、缓冲区分析、城市相互作用模型等方法分析发现,中原经济区具备以郑州为核心的圈层式、轴带状、核心板块网络化、组团分区的组织基础;③ 结合空间组织的等级层次和现实基础,提出中原经济区空间组织的“中心带动、圈层推动、轴带组织、核心板块网络化、组团分片”的模式选择与路径取向。     

Governance and territoriality in Norwegian fisheries

This paper focuses on the informal and institutional governance structures that are embedded within local production systems in Norwegian fisheries. Important issues concern the regional distribution of fish landings resulting from the tendency in some regional production systems to use large fishing vessels, and the negative consequences of this for peripheral regions and inshore fisheries. The influence of powerful central production systems is considered in terms of territorial dominance over fishing grounds.     

林木多样性模型及生长模拟

林木生存环境复杂多变,导致林木形态千差万别,为了准确描述林木的形态多样性特征,提出了一种基于模型分解的林木生长模拟方法。首先构建多样性林木三维模型,使用林木形态的实际测量数据,基于B样条函数约束树干、树冠形态,依据削度方程模拟树干直径的变化趋势,利用Direct3D实现林木形态的三维建模;其次,按林木形态特征进行林木模型分解,将林木模型分为9个子模型;最后,使用场景节点按照拓扑结构关系对子模型进行动态组织,基于胸径、树高、枝下高、冠高和冠幅生长模型,使用多核CPU多线程并行的计算方式,获得各年龄阶段林木东、南、西、北方向形态参数,从而对子模型生长状态进行控制,实现林木不同方向生长变化的可视化模拟。结果表明：该方法可将林木三维模型与生长模型紧密结合起来,林木各方向的枝下高、冠高和冠幅严格按照生长模型进行生长,可有效模拟出林木各方向生长状态的多样性;三维场景渲染帧率（FPS）保持在25以上,平均FPS可以达到50,实现林木生长的方向异质性模拟。