井中震源的远场波场特征研究

井中震源在逆VSP、随钻地震和采矿地球物理研究中都有广泛应用.满足"小井孔"(井孔半径远小于特征波长)及"远场"(炮检距大于特征波长)假设时,井中震源的远场波场存在解析解.为了检验解析解在不同情况下的适用性,本文使用最速下降积分计算了不满足上述假设时井中震源远场波场的合成地震记录,即半解析解.模型试验表明,解析解只能在同时满足"小井孔"和"远场"假设时使用;当这两个假设条件不满足时,解析解的振幅和波形相对于半解析解会有明显的偏差.随着假设不满足程度的增加,偏差会逐渐增加,并会逐渐影响走时的准确拾取;这种条件下,采用半解析解才能获得准确的井中震源波场.     

利用介质的不均匀分布构建各向异性模型

在复杂区域应力场的作用下, 大范围扩容各向异性(extensive-dilatancy anisotropy, EDA)造成的裂隙定向排列形成了地壳内部介质的不均匀性。 因此, 地壳介质各向异性的描述不仅限于横向各向同性(transversely isotropic, TI)的理论。 我们首先利用自相关函数随机扰动得到水平向小尺度速度不均匀, 然后利用这种不均匀性描述地壳介质中EDA裂隙定向排列所造成的介质各向异性, 利用数值模拟弹性波在该介质中的传播过程验证了利用介质的不均匀性构建介质的各向异性是一个有效、 可靠的方法。 可以将此方法应用到复杂地壳介质结构中, 了解地震波在复杂地壳各向异性介质中的传播特征。     

综合电磁法在矿区深部成矿机制中的应用研究——以皖南乌溪多金属矿区为例

乌溪矿区介于长江中下游多金属成矿带与华南成矿带之间,是江南造山带上的一个找矿新区.本文在这一找矿新区开展了有效的电磁方法综合勘探,试图对该区深部成矿机制进行研究.我们收集了该区的地质地球化学资料,从地质地球化学资料中分析了区域成矿背景;我们还采集了区域出露的主要岩石类型,在实验室开展物性测定,在此基础上选择了三种电磁方法开展研究区的野外测量.通过地面高精度磁测、激发极化法和可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)三种地球物理方法,开展了研究区的磁化率、极化率和电阻率的分布特征研究.深入分析了地质、地球化学和地球物理三种资料与成矿的关系,相互约束,探讨成矿模型、成矿机制和成矿的可能性,推测可能的矿体赋存位置和深度范围.在地球物理研究结果基础上,结合地质和地球化学背景资料,构建了研究区的成矿动力学模型,推测了研究区成矿机制,揭示了矿区的成矿潜力.综合所得结果布设了钻孔,钻探结果揭示了研究区深部存在强烈矿化蚀变和强蚀变斑岩,初步确认为斑岩型矿床,与CSAMT剖面的解释结果基本一致,也与推测的测区内深部成矿机制相吻合.钻孔结果和地球物理结果的一致性以及对已构建的成矿动力学模型的支持,充分证明了综合电磁方法在斑岩型多金属矿床的发现和预测中的重要作用,同时斑岩型矿床的确认进一步印证了华南成矿带与俯冲作用形成的成矿带的相似性,从而推动整个华南地区的成矿地质研究.     

Assessing coupling between lakes and layered aquifers in a complex Pleistocene landscape based on water level dynamics

The biosphere reserve Schorfheide-Chorin is a scenic region with many lakes. Hydraulic coupling between lakes and groundwater is difficult to assess due to the very heterogeneous Pleistocene deposits with a complex layering of different aquifers, part of them being confined. Thus, a principal component analysis of time series of groundwater and lake water levels was performed. The first two principal components provided a quantitative measure of damping of the input signal, i.e., the extent to which time series of groundwater pressure heads or lake water levels are smoothed and delayed with respect to the input signal, i.e., groundwater recharge or precipitation minus evapotranspiration, respectively. The lakes differed substantially with respect to damping behaviour, indicating different impacts of deep groundwater contribution. For most of the groundwater wells, damping increased linearly with mean depth to water table. In contrast, some wells exhibited nearly identical behaviour independent of depth. High-pass filtered data of water table level from these wells were strongly and inversely correlated with those of barometric pressure fluctuations, pointing to a confined aquifer which was evidently not connected to the adjacent lake.     

Micromechanics of undrained response of dilative granular media using a coupled DEM-LBM model: A case of biaxial test

In this paper the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is coupled with the Lattice-Boltzmann Method (LBM) to model the undrained condition of dense granular media that display significant dilation under highly confined loading. DEM-only models are commonly used to simulate the micromechanics of an undrained specimen by applying displacements at the domain boundaries so that the specimen volume remains constant. While this approach works well for uniform strain conditions found in laboratory tests, it doesn’t realistically represent non-uniform strain conditions that exist in the majority of real geotechnical problems. The LBM offers a more realistic approach to simulate the undrained condition since the fluid can locally conserve the system volume. To investigate the ability of the DEM-LBM model to effectively represent the undrained constraint while conserving volume and accurately calculating the stress path of the system, a two dimensional biaxial test is simulated using the coupled DEM-LBM model, and the results are compared with those attained from a DEM-only constant volume simulation. The compressibility of the LBM fluid was found to play an important role in the model response. The compressibility of the fluid is expressed as an apparent Skempton’s pore pressure parameter B. The biaxial test, both with and without fluid, demonstrated particle-scale instabilities associated with shear band development. The results show that the DEM-LBM model offers a promising technique for a variety of geomechanical problems that involve particle-fluid mixtures undergoing large deformation under shear loading.     

基于CART方法计算的黄河淡水水龄在渤海的分布变化特征

通过计算黄河淡水在渤海内部的水龄变化,能够进一步了解由黄河口排出的溶解性污染物在渤海中的输运时间和分布规律。利用ROMS(Regional Ocean Modeling System)数值模型,加入了基于CART(the constituent-oriented age and residence time theory)方法计算水龄的模块,用于计算黄河淡水水龄在渤海的分布以及长期变化规律。模式较好地再现了渤海物理场以及黄河淡水水龄在渤海中的分布。模拟结果显示水龄在空间分布上差异很大,莱州湾平均水龄为700天,而辽东湾则高达1760天。渤海中部与辽东湾水龄时空分布表现出季节变化,冬季辽东湾水龄西低东高,高龄水自辽东湾东侧入侵渤海中部;夏季辽东湾水龄西高东低,渤海中部低龄水占优。黄河淡水水龄在年际时间尺度上存在明显差异,1998—2003年黄河淡水水龄较高且存在上升趋势,而2003—2007年则迅速下降,此变化主要由黄河入海径流量的改变导致;径流量增大会使淡水水龄降低,反之则会使水龄升高。黄河径流量对黄河淡水水龄的影响主要是通过改变目标区域黄河淡水浓度和低龄淡水质点在水团中所占的比例来实现的。     

Experimentally-based investigation of effects of wave interference on the wave resistance of asymmetric di-hulls

Significant reduction of steady-state resistance of a di-hull system with certain hull configurations (relative stagger and separation between the hulls) occurs because of interference effects between the two sets of ship-generated waves. The far-field wave interference and the resulting wave-resistance reduction of an asymmetric di-hull system, consisting of two distinct Series 60 hull models with various hull configurations are studied. The initial search for optimal configurations of the maximum prospective resistance reduction is conducted by an existing di-hull thin-ship computation. These theoretical results are then compared to the ones acquired by towing-tank measurements and those given by a semi-experimental approach. The latter approach obtains the wave resistance by combining experimental “wave-cut” data and analytical expressions developed for such a di-hull system. Experimental uncertainties are briefly discussed. Results of this study show that a considerable amount of wave-resistance reduction is indeed possible for the investigated hull configurations. However, beyond the far-field interference of the waves, near-field interactions of the two hulls are found to have non-negligible influence on the total resistance performance of the di-hull system.     

Extracting mineral alteration information using WorldView-3 data

The multispectral commercial satellite-WorldView-3 (WV-3) has the highest spatial, spectral and radiation resolutions among the satellites currently and can generate good data in the shortwave infrared (SWIR). The study area is located in the Pobei area of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which is rich in mineral resources. The spectral analyses of some typical altered hydroxy-bearing, iron-bearing, and carbonate-bearing minerals could establish several Principal Component Analysis (PCA) models and mineral indices, using the visible and near infrared (VNIR) and the shortwave infrared (SWIR) subsystems of WV-3 data. In addition, the Spectral Angle Method and the spectrum index tool of ENVI software were used to extract the relevant alteration information. The WV-3 data is well suited for identifying hydroxy-bearing alteration with rich SWIR bands which distinguish Al-OH-bearing from Mg-OH-bearing alteration. Hence, this study provides a basis for the prediction of mineral resources in the Pobei area and sets the foundation for WV-3 data to be used as an important tool in extracting alteration information and prospecting practices.     

硫酸根分析技术及应用现状

就近年来硫酸根检测分析技术及应用现状作一综述,并着重对重量法、滴定法、原子吸收法、光度法、荧光法、离子色谱法、离子选择电极法、ICP-AES法测定硫酸根进行了评述,为在医药、食品、化工生产和环境监测方面的应用提供了依据。     

瞬变电磁法多匝重叠小回线装置实验研究

文中采用实验方法对瞬变电磁法多匝重叠小回线装置发射磁矩、关断时间、感应信号强度随发射线圈匝数及接收线圈匝数的变化分别进行了研究。对固定发射线圈匝数改变接收线圈匝数与固定接收线圈匝数改变发射线圈匝数这2种实验方式进行了对比,从而找出了更适合地质响应的发射与接收线圈的匝数。同时还分别采用线圈边长为0.5m×0.5m与1m×1m的线框进行了对比实验,通过分析发射磁矩、关断时间、感应信号强度随线圈边长、线圈匝数的变化,找到合理的重叠小回线装置。实验结果表明发射磁矩随线圈的边长与发射线圈匝数的增加而增加;关断时间随发射线圈匝数近乎呈正比增加,与接收线圈无关;感应信号强度与线圈匝数呈正比关系,但是相比之下,接收线圈匝数更占主导地位。