采用主成分分析的改进云检测算法

针对Fmask云检测算法难以区分Landsat遥感影像上云和冰这一技术难题,该文提出一种基于主成分分析的改进Fmask云检测算法。首先对Fmask中归一化植被指数和归一化雪指数固定阈值进行自适应阈值改进,并对影像进行主成分变换,然后对主成分分析变换后的组合波段进行改进的Fmask云检测,最后进行算法对比分析。以北极地区的TM影像进行实验,结果表明,对同时覆盖冰层和云层的Landsat遥感影像,该文提出的算法能够提高云检测精度。     

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基于Landsat 8影像赤壁-嘉鱼地区岩性划分效果分析

以鄂东南赤壁-嘉鱼地区为例,在缺少地表各岩石单元样品的情况下,对Landsat8可见光近红外和短波红外(VNIR-SWIR)波段反射率数据进行处理提取岩性信息。首先对VNIR-SWIR多波段反射率数据进行最佳指数因子(IOIF)运算,得出最佳波段组合band7-band5-band2,从其假彩色合成图像上只能识别少量岩性单元;为了减少高相关性波段之间的信息冗余度,并对波段信息进行集成,后对Landsat8VNIR-SWIR波段反射率数据采用主成分变换并进行彩色合成,能够有效增强志留系、侏罗系及第四系地质单元之间的影像差异,从而划分岩性界线。对比已有地质资料,认为提取结果可靠,能为野外地质工作提供基础信息。     

石榴子石Fe~(3+)含量电子探针原位分析:Flank Method方法的实例应用

电子探针分析技术主要应用于对物质进行快速无损的定性、定量分析,是材料科学和地质学领域最基础和重要的研究手段。而利用电子探针对矿物中不同价态Fe的含量进行原位定量分析,更是具有非常重要的科学意义。近来发展起来的可进行Fe~(3+) 含量定量分析的电子探针Flank Method测试方法,相比早期的实验方法具有更高的准确度和精确性。该方法主要是通过定义Fe的特征X射线L能级谱线峰位的峰侧位置(flank position),对应了不同价态Fe吸收谱线的差值线谱(difference spectrum)中强度计数最大值(FeLα*)和最小值(FeLβ*)的位置,从而避免了在早期实验中,一般通过直接测量Fe的L能级峰位(FeLα和FeLβ)可能导致的测试不确定性。同时,该测试方法通过对电子探针谱仪系统进行实时的位移误差校正,确保其在某一个稳定的实验条件(周期)下具有可重现性(精确度)。在本文中,我们根据北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室的JEOL JXA-8100型号电子探针的实际性能状态,在前人建立的实验步骤基础上,进行了测试流程的自适性改进和修正,建立了更符合本实验室实际情况的电子探针Flank Method测试方法,用于分析石榴子石中的Fe~(3+) 含量。通过对已知Fe~(3+) 含量的标准石榴子石样品进行检测验证,确定了该方法的可行性、可靠性以及可重复性。在对天然样品的分析中,我们选择了来自我国天山、拉萨和北祁连的洋壳俯冲类型中低温(超)高压榴辉岩中的石榴子石样品,对其进行了Fe~(3+) 含量(环带)的分析。结果显示,石榴子石中Fe~(3+) 含量可作为一个可靠的氧逸度指示剂,其(环带)变化很好地对应了榴辉岩寄主岩石的变质演化轨迹,反映了在板片俯冲过程中,榴辉岩的氧逸度具有降低的趋势。     

浮游植物叶绿素a 含量测定方法的比较及优化

比较了丙酮萃取法和乙醇-超声波法测定水体中叶绿素a的方法,并对后者进行优化。结果显示,乙醇-超声波法的萃取效率显著地高于丙酮法的效率,两种方法的相关系数为0.9990,回归方程为Chla丙酮=1.0932Chla乙醇–11.677。优化后的乙醇-超声波法的最佳处理条件为:带样滤膜–20℃,冰冻24 h以上,加适量80℃热乙醇在80℃水浴中解冻,经超声振荡处理3 min后,室温黑暗条件下萃取6 h,再离心定容测定。     

The Effect of Particulate Matter Components on the Acidity of Rain in Upper Silesia (Poland)

Analysis of data characterizing the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation was presented, with an emphasis on components responsible for neutralization of rain acidity. For this purpose, chemometric methods were applied. Based on a principal component analysis (PCA) a strong correlation between precipitation pH and potassium and ammonium ions in the heating period (October–March) and potassium and sodium ions in the non‐heating period (April–September) was observed. Additionally, a classification of eight variables, i.e., Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, , , Cl^?, and according to their similarities was made using a cluster analysis. Based on this study, two ions, potassium and ammonium, together with the pH value were classified into one group (cluster) in the heating period while in the non‐heating period ions of potassium and sodium were clustered together with the pH. The results of the cluster analysis indicated that the selected ions contributed the most to the neutralization of the atmospheric precipitation acidity. This relationship was confirmed by a discriminant analysis in which potassium and ammonium ions were selected as components of the highest potential for precipitation classification according to its acidity degree. The relationship between the precipitation pH and the number of non‐precipitation days preceding the precipitation was also analyzed. It was found that although the observed an increase of the pH value was not very high, nevertheless, the effect of the duration of the period preceding the precipitation on the pH value recorded on the day of the precipitation occurrence was quite evident.     

瞬变电磁法多匝重叠小回线装置实验研究

文中采用实验方法对瞬变电磁法多匝重叠小回线装置发射磁矩、关断时间、感应信号强度随发射线圈匝数及接收线圈匝数的变化分别进行了研究。对固定发射线圈匝数改变接收线圈匝数与固定接收线圈匝数改变发射线圈匝数这2种实验方式进行了对比,从而找出了更适合地质响应的发射与接收线圈的匝数。同时还分别采用线圈边长为0.5m×0.5m与1m×1m的线框进行了对比实验,通过分析发射磁矩、关断时间、感应信号强度随线圈边长、线圈匝数的变化,找到合理的重叠小回线装置。实验结果表明发射磁矩随线圈的边长与发射线圈匝数的增加而增加;关断时间随发射线圈匝数近乎呈正比增加,与接收线圈无关;感应信号强度与线圈匝数呈正比关系,但是相比之下,接收线圈匝数更占主导地位。     

Assessing coupling between lakes and layered aquifers in a complex Pleistocene landscape based on water level dynamics

The biosphere reserve Schorfheide-Chorin is a scenic region with many lakes. Hydraulic coupling between lakes and groundwater is difficult to assess due to the very heterogeneous Pleistocene deposits with a complex layering of different aquifers, part of them being confined. Thus, a principal component analysis of time series of groundwater and lake water levels was performed. The first two principal components provided a quantitative measure of damping of the input signal, i.e., the extent to which time series of groundwater pressure heads or lake water levels are smoothed and delayed with respect to the input signal, i.e., groundwater recharge or precipitation minus evapotranspiration, respectively. The lakes differed substantially with respect to damping behaviour, indicating different impacts of deep groundwater contribution. For most of the groundwater wells, damping increased linearly with mean depth to water table. In contrast, some wells exhibited nearly identical behaviour independent of depth. High-pass filtered data of water table level from these wells were strongly and inversely correlated with those of barometric pressure fluctuations, pointing to a confined aquifer which was evidently not connected to the adjacent lake.     

A lattice Boltzmann model coupled with a Large Eddy Simulation model for flows around a groyne

This present paper proposes a two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann model coupled with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model and applies it to flows around a non-submerged groyne in a channel. The LES of shallow water equations is efficiently performed using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) and the turbulence can be taken into account in conjunction with the Smagorinsky Sub-Grid Stress (SGS) model. The bounce-back scheme of the non-equilibrium part of the distribution function is used to determine the unknown distribution functions at inflow boundary, the zero gradient of the distribution function is set normal to outflow boundary to obtain the unknown distribution functions here and the bounce-back scheme, which states that an incoming particle towards the boundary is bounced back into fluid, is applied to the solid wall to ensure non-slip boundary conditions. The initial flow field is defined firstly and then is used to calculate the local equilibrium distributions as initial conditions of the distribution functions. These coupled models successfully predict the flow characteristics, such as circulating flow, velocity and water depth distributions. The comparisons between the simulated results and the experimental data show that the model scheme has the capacity to solve the complex flows in shallow water with reasonable accuracy and reliability.     

基于熵权法的新疆阿尔泰成矿区金矿床定位预测研究

      本文通过结合信息熵和灰色关联度来分析地质变量和矿床单元之间的关系,以达到圈定成矿靶区的目的。在地质、 物探、化探、重砂等资料研究的基础上提取了87个综合信息地质变量。在综合信息矿产预测理论与方法的指导下,将研究 区域划分为16个金矿床密集单元和14个金异常密集区为单元,引入熵权法对定性变量和定量变量分别计算信息熵和变量权 值,然后采用灰色关联分析法来定量解析单元之间的关联程度。结果表明：重力梯度、航磁、重磁吻合以及汇水盆地异常 等地质变量可以作为研究区域寻找金矿的有效地质标志,6号、 22 号、 18号和19号等单元可以作为一级远景成矿靶区,这与 很多相关研究结果基本一致,从而表明该方法能被有效应用于圈定找矿靶区。