Characterization of organic matter in sediment cores of the Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil, by elemental analysis and 13C NMR

The impact of human activity on the sediments of Todos os Santos Bay in Brazil was evaluated by elemental analysis and ¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹³C NMR). This article reports a study of six sediment cores collected at different depths and regions of Todos os Santos Bay. The elemental profiles of cores collected on the eastern side of Frades Island suggest an abrupt change in the sedimentation regime. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) analysis corroborates this result. The range of depths of the cores corresponds to about 50 years ago, coinciding with the implantation of major onshore industrial projects in the region. Principal Component Analysis of the ¹³C NMR spectra clearly differentiates sediment samples closer to the Subaé estuary, which have high contents of terrestrial organic matter, from those closer to a local oil refinery. The results presented in this article illustrate several important aspects of environmental impact of human activity on this bay.     

高植被覆盖区遥感找锰矿实验研究——以桂西—滇东南的下雷—大新地区为例

桂西—滇东南区域植被覆盖茂盛,高覆盖的植被遥感信息相对于地质遥感信息而言是一个很强的干扰。本文以桂西—滇东南的锰矿化信息较为丰富、植被覆盖度高的下雷—大新区域TM遥感影像为例,利用基于主成分变换的铁染遥感异常信息、羟基异常信息和泥岩碳酸岩异常遥感信息提取,以及基于SAM和实地地物光谱测量的基础上提取的氧化锰露头的遥感信息,研究结果与已知锰矿化信息的空间分布区域有较高的吻合度。研究结果表明,本文的研究方法对于遥感找锰矿的宏观靶区框选有较高的参考价值。     

基于PSE模型的矿业城市经济发展脆弱性研究

脆弱性是可持续发展的一个时间函数和空间函数.区域经济发展过程是一个不断抑制脆弱性实现螺旋式上升的过程.矿业城市经济发展的脆弱性具有典型的"压力(P)-敏感(S)-弹性(E)"的特征.据此,构建了一个矿业城市经济发展脆弱性评价模型,结合主成分分析法和熵值法,选取东北地区矿业城市作为案例进行评价,从脆弱性的视角来研究矿业城...     

气温和降水的均生外延主分量预测模型

本文采用了对窗区滑动的气温和降水的时间序列,构造均生函数外延矩阵。对外延矩阵进行主分量分析,建立了以主分量作自变量的气温或降水的长期预测模型。实例分析表明,该模型应用于气温长期预测精度较高,用于降水趋势预测亦是可行的。     

采用主成分分析的改进云检测算法

针对Fmask云检测算法难以区分Landsat遥感影像上云和冰这一技术难题,该文提出一种基于主成分分析的改进Fmask云检测算法。首先对Fmask中归一化植被指数和归一化雪指数固定阈值进行自适应阈值改进,并对影像进行主成分变换,然后对主成分分析变换后的组合波段进行改进的Fmask云检测,最后进行算法对比分析。以北极地区的TM影像进行实验,结果表明,对同时覆盖冰层和云层的Landsat遥感影像,该文提出的算法能够提高云检测精度。     

Using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and principal components analysis to monitor dissolved organic matter dynamics in a glacier system

The molecular characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) reflect both its source material and its biogeochemical history. In glacial systems, DOM characteristics might be expected to change over the course of a melt season as changes in the glacier drainage system cause the mobilization of DOM from different OM pools. To test this hypothesis we used Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of synchronous fluorescence spectra to detect and describe changes in the DOM in meltwater from a glacier system in the Coast Mountains of northern British Columbia, Canada. For most of the melt season, the dominant component of subglacially routed meltwater DOM is characterized by a tyrosine‐like fluorophore. This DOM component is most likely derived from supraglacial snowmelt. During periods of high discharge, a second component of DOM is present which is humic in character and similar to DOM sampled from a nearby non‐glacial stream. This DOM component is inferred to be derived from a moss‐covered soil environment that has been glacially overrun. It is probably entrained into glacial melt waters when the supraglacial meltwater flux exceeds the capacity of the principal subglacial drainage channels and water floods areas of the glacier bed that are normally isolated from the subglacial drainage system. Another source of DOM also appears to be mobilized during periods of high air temperatures. It is characterized by both humic and proteinaceous fluorophores and may be derived from the drainage of supraglacial cryoconite holes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research of the Modern Tectonic Stress Field and Seismicity Characteristics on the Northeastern Side of Pamirs

According to the earthquake focal mechanism solutions of 55 moderately strong earthquakes onthe northeastern side of Pamirs,the spatial and temporal distribution of earthquakes ith M_s≥6.0 since this century and the characteristics of hypocenter depth distribution of earthquakeswith M_s≥3.0 since 1980 in this region,the article discusses the relation between regional tee-tonic stress fields and strong earthquake activity.The result shows that the hypocenter disloca-tion is mostly strike-dip,partly dip-slip,and the direction of the principal compressional stressis nearly NS.The distributive characteristics of strong shock activity is obvious,with the gen-eral trend that the west is strong and the east is weak,which can be divided into three imephases,and each with relative principal active region The depth near Pamirs aren reaches200km,shallower obviously when externding to NE,less than or equal to 40km near the Kalpinblock,and the article discusses the result.     

Factors controlling the major ion chemistry of streams in the blue ridge and valley and ridge physiographic provinces of Virginia and Maryland

The factors controlling the chemistry of 69 low-order streams in the Blue Ridge and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces of Virginia and Maryland were studied over a 13-month period. Principal component analysis was used to examine regional patterns in stream chemistry and to examine the degree to which the chemistry of low-order streams is controlled by the bedrock upon which they flow. Streams clustered into regionally isolated groups, strongly related to bedrock type, with SO^2?₄ and HCO^?₃ the chemical variables of most importance. Sulphate concentrations appear to be strongly controlled by climate and hydrology, and sorption in the soils within the watershed. Much of the atmospherically derived SO^2?₄ accumulates in watersheds during the growing season and is later flushed out. Weathering reactions were found to be particularly important in the production of HCO^?₃, accounting for 91 per cent on an annual basis, and export of divalent cations from these watersheds, accounting for 48–50 per cent on an annual basis. About half of non-anthropogenic Na⁺ was derived from weathering of silicates, whereas nearly all K⁺ was identified with leaching by SO^2?₄. Water chemistry was strongly related to the rock type in the watershed and the weatherability of the component minerals. Rock type is not a randomly distributed function; instead, it is controlled by geologic factors that result in clusters of similar rock types in a given region. When planning large synoptic studies, it is extremely important to consider that a sampling scheme based on random sampling of a non-randomly distributed function May, not provide the most accurate representation of the variables of interest. Instead, a hierarchical sampling scheme May, be indicated. Our results also suggest that, although one sample in time May, be sufficient to characterize the primary geochemical factors controlling stream chemistry throughout the year, it May, not be sufficient to detect subtle, flow-related alterations in chemistry.     

主成分分析在双壳类软体动物研究中的应用

用主成分分析方法通过计算机把雌性青蛤的软体部干重和3个生化指标综合为肥满指标和能源物质指标,从而允许用二维图象来显示。14个样品明显地分为碳水化合物为主要贮存能源物质和脂类、蛋白质为主要贮存能源物质两类。两个新指标的累积贡献率达94％。     

SHORT COMMUNICATION CHEMOMETRIC ASPECTS OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

The application of several chemometric topics in connection with an environmental study is described.Atwo-way ANOVA is used to show the irregularity of the distribution of heavy metals in the rural soilsaround a lead smelter.Multivariate statistical methods are also applied to show significant correlationsbetween metals and the wind direction.Principal components analysis and Varimax rotation seem toconfirm the validity of the conclusions.