CLASSIFICATION:OLDTIMERS AND NEWCOMERS

Classification and regression techniques are among the most used tools by chemometricians.Withclassification,the two classic methods are discriminant analysis and SIMCA.In this paper we discuss theconnection between these two methods and introduce two new ones of the same family:DASCO(discriminantanalysis with shrunken covariances)and RDA(regularized discriminant analysis).We demonstrate on bothsimulated and real data sets that their performance is superior to the old favorites.This is especially truein small-sample/high-dimension settings typical in chemistry.     

Aquaculture-related trace metals in sediments and lobsters and relevance to environmental monitoring program ratings for near-field effects

The study was undertaken to assess the marine environmental effects from feed and waste associated with aquaculture activities. Metal compositions of sediment, lobster, and feed were used to evaluate the extent of detectable effects at 0 m (under the cage) and 50 m distance. Sediments that were collected under the cages and were characterised as hypoxic or anoxic, showed elevated levels of Cu, Zn, organic carbon, and % <63 microm particles, and low Mn and Fe. At 50 m there was a major reduction in waste chemical impact. Using lobster, a bioindicator species, as a tool for detecting near-field impacts, showed accumulations of high Cu associated with active aquaculture sites. Chemical compositions and metal ratios normalised with organic carbon, were used to assess the sediment conditions associated with environmental monitoring program ratings (EMP--normal, hypoxic, and anoxic). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore chemical data at all sites for differentiating normal, hypoxic and anoxic sediment conditions. Selected variables (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, organic carbon, and particles <63 microm) were sufficient for the PCA approach with >90% explainable variance of first two components. The groupings based on PCA and cluster analysis were similar to EMP classifications with some exceptions of mis-identification by EMP. The sediment chemistry components were valid indicators for evaluating marine environmental conditions and for assessing aquaculture operating sites. The developed techniques, using chemical variables in combination with EMP and the statistical approach should be useful to predict the effects of aquaculture practices and the suitability of aquaculture operations.     

中国西部重要成矿带遥感找矿异常提取的方法研究

遥感找矿异常提取是遥感地质学的重要研究内容之一。以东天山土屋地区的蚀变信息提取工作为例,通过对主成分分析、波段比值等分析研究,提出了一套比较实用的遥感找矿异常提取的技术流程,为西部重要成矿区带遥感找矿异常提取工作的开展提供了重要的实践依据,并指出了当前工作中存在的一些主要问题。     

乌鲁木齐地区近期地壳水平形变初步研究

根据乌鲁木齐地区 2 0 0 0年、2 0 0 1年两期 GPS网资料及其它资料处理结果 ,讨论了乌鲁木齐现阶段应变场及监测区的断层水平运动情况。分析结果认为乌鲁木齐地区地壳整体主要受 NW方向的主压应力作用 ,乌鲁木齐测区大部分 GPS观测点以乌鲁木齐红山观测点为中心呈顺时针方向运动。     

Numerical study of characteristics of underground blast induced surface ground motion and their effect on above-ground structures. Part I. Ground motion characteristics

Current codes of practice in assessing the blast ground motion effect on structures are mainly based on the ground peak particle velocity (PPV) or PPV and the principal frequency (PF) of the ground motion. PPV and PF of ground motion from underground explosions are usually estimated by empirical formulae derived from field blast tests. Not many empirical formulae for PF, but many empirical formulae for PPV are available in the literature. They were obtained from recorded data either on ground surface or in the free field (inside the geological medium). Owing to the effect of surface reflection, blast motions on ground surface and in the free field are very different. But not many publications in the open literature discuss the differences of blast motions on ground surface and in the free field. Moreover, very few publications discuss the blast ground motion spatial variation characteristics. As ground motion directly affects structural responses, it is very important to study its characteristics in order to more reliably assess its effects on structures. In this paper, a validated numerical model is used to simulate stress wave at a granite site owing to explosion in an underground chamber. Using the simulated stress wave, the relations such as PPV and PF attenuation as well as spatial variation of motions on ground surface and in the free field are derived. Discussions on the differences of the characteristics of surface and free field motions are made. Results presented in this paper can be used in a more detailed assessment of ground motion effect on structures.     

主成分监督分类及其在水质特征遥感图像识别中的应用

建立了一种水域水质状况图像识别的主成分监督分类方法。首先通过TM水域图像数据的主成分分析，将原有各波段图像的显著且独立的信息集中在数目尽可能少的合成图像中；再依据不同类型水体的光谱特性，分析各主成分图像的构成及其环境生态学含义，由此对整个研究区域内存在的不同标志类型及其分布特征有所了解；在此基础上，选定训练样本集，从而根据具有清楚的环境生态意义的标志类型，应用监督法得到较好的识别分类结果。分析表明，这一方法采用主成分分析确定标志类型，无需大量的现场调查，因而具有非监督聚类成本低的优点，分类结果则优于非监督法，且各类型的生态意义明显，分布特征与环境因子相互吻合，是水域水质环境图像识别的有效而实用的方法。     

金川露天矿边坡岩体移动和变形的光弹性软材料模拟实验研究

通过对边坡岩体破坏机理的光弹性力学模拟实验研究, 岩体在地应力作用和自重体积力作用下, 对露天矿边坡的力学状态具有明显地影响。实验采用了明胶软材料, 模型比例1:1100。实验模拟了在自重应力和构造应力作用下, 边坡岩体的位移和变形。     

正交异性岩体水力压裂应力测量原理和方法

本文根据岩体力学性质的各向异性，以岩体正交异性弹性理论为基础，提出用水力压裂法测算水平方向两主应力大小和方向的原理及测量有关岩体弹性参数的方法。     

ROBUST PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS BY PROJECTION PURSUIT

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used technique in chemometrics.The classical PCAmethod is,unfortunately,non-robust,since the variance is adopted as the objective function.In thispaper,projection pursuit (PP) is used to carry out PCA with a criterion which is more robust than thevariance.In addition,the generalized simulated annealing (GSA) algorithm is introduced as anoptimization procedure in the process of PP calculation to guarantee the global optimum.The resultsfor simulated data sets show that PCA via PP is resistant to the deviation of the error distribution fromthe normal one.The method is especially recommended for use in cases with possible outlier(s) existingin the data.     

Characterization of Saale River Sediments by IR Spectroscopy Charakterisierung von Saale-Sedimenten durch Infrarotspektroskopie

The main constituents of sediment samples of the river Saale were analysed by IR spectroscopy. The composition of the sediments is determined mainly by the geological conditions (increase of carbonates, decrease of clays along the stream). Anthropogenic influences on the main components were not recognized. IR spectroscopy connected with multivariate data treatment is a suitable method to determine the main components of sediments and soils presupposed that the particle size distribution of the samples is similar. A quantitative chemical analysis in terms of individual substances or substance groups is possible if a set of reference spectra can be compiled.