Phytoplankton distribution and productivity in a highly turbid, tropical coastal system (Bach Dang Estuary, Vietnam)

Phytoplankton diversity, primary and bacterial production, nutrients and metallic contaminants were measured during the wet season (July) and dry season (March) in the Bach Dang Estuary, a sub-estuary of the Red River system, Northern Vietnam. Using canonical correspondence analysis we show that phytoplankton community structure is potentially influenced by both organometallic species (Hg and Sn) and inorganic metal (Hg) concentrations. During March, dissolved methylmercury and inorganic mercury were important factors for determining phytoplankton community composition at most of the stations. In contrast, during July, low salinity phytoplankton community composition was associated with particulate methylmercury concentrations, whereas phytoplankton community composition in the higher salinity stations was more related to dissolved inorganic mercury and dissolved mono and tributyltin concentrations. These results highlight the importance of taking into account factors other than light and nutrients, such as eco-toxic heavy metals, in understanding phytoplankton diversity and activity in estuarine ecosystems.     

藏南柯月铅锌多金属矿床Ⅱ号矿化体原生晕特征

国内外大量的原生晕理论研究及应用表明,原生晕测量是地球化学中一种有效的研究地球化学特征、寻找金属矿床、追踪隐伏矿体的方法。柯月铅锌矿床Ⅱ号矿化体已完成钻探及槽探施工,在此基础上研究其元素原生晕轴向分带特征,并与扎西康铅锌锑银多金属矿床原生晕特征对比,可为柯月Ⅱ号矿化体深部成矿预测提供依据。通过采取柯月Ⅱ号矿化体8号勘探线ZK0801,ZK0802,ZK0803,ZK0804号共4个钻孔及TC0801号探槽的岩石样品;选取Pb,Zn,Sb,Ag,W,Bi,As,Mo,Cu,In,Cd,Au,Mn共13种元素作为分析元素;对Ⅱ号矿化体进行原生晕研究。研究结果表明,成矿异常及原生晕主要集中于海拔4 660m左右,成矿过程中可能经历了有限的叠加作用,认为Ⅱ号矿化体深部可能存在隐伏矿体。     

What future for primary aluminium production in a decarbonizing economy?

Aluminium is an energy intensive material with an environmental footprint strongly dependent on the electricity mix consumed by the smelting process. This study models prospective environmental impacts of primary aluminium production according to different integrated assessment modeling scenarios building on Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their climate change mitigation scenarios. Results project a global average carbon intensity ranging between 8.6 and 18.0 kg CO₂ eq/kg in 2100, compared to 18.3 kg CO₂ eq/kg at present, that could be further reduced under mitigation scenarios. Co-benefits with other environmental indicators are observed. Scaling aluminium production impacts to the global demand shows total emission between 1250 and 1590 Gt CO₂ eq for baseline scenarios by 2050 while absolute decoupling is only achievable with stringent climate policy changing drastically the electricity mix. Achieving larger emission reductions will require circular strategies that go beyond primary material production itself and involve other stakeholders along the aluminium value chain.     

Primary Mineral Information and Depositional Models of Relevant Mineral Facies of the Early Precambrian BIF—A Preliminary Review

The primary mineral compositions of BIF are regarded as ferric oxyhydroxide or iron silicate nanoparticles (mainly greenalite and stilpnomelane ) whichcan transform into minerals like hematite, magnetite and siderite. On the basis of predominant iron minerals, three distinctive sedimentary facies are recognized in BIF: oxide facies, silicate facies and carbonate facies. Marked by the Great Oxidation Event (GOE, 2.4~2.2 Ga), sedimentary facies can be divided into two models: “anoxic and reducing” model and “stratified ocean” model. The ancient ocean was anoxic and reducing before GOE, and under this circumstance, BIF was distributed from the distal to proximal zones transforming from hematite facies through magnetite facies to carbonate facies, such as West Rand Group BIF (2.96~2.78 Ga) and Kuruman BIF (~2.46 Ga) in south Africa. However, the ancient ocean was a stratified ocean during and after GOE, which means that shallow seawater was oxidizing while deeper seawater was reducing, leading to an opposite sedimentary facies distribution compared to the former one: BIF was distributed from the distal to proximal zones transforming from carbonate facies through magnetite facies to hematite facies, such as Yuanjiacun BIF in China (~2.3 Ga) and Sokoman iron formation in Canada (~1.88 Ga). Overall, BIF is an unrepeatable formation in geological history, which can only form in specific sedimentary environment. The key point to speculate the paleo-ocean environment, namely the problems to be solved at the moment, is to identify and derive the primary mineral compositions, to make sure the genetic mechanism of sedimentary facies especially silicate facies, to restrict the sedimentary conditions and to study microbial activities contacting with BIF.     

Epitaxial quartz inclusions in corundum from a sapphirine–garnet boudin,Bamble Sector,SE Norway: SiO2–Al2O3 miscibility at high P–T dry granulite facies conditions

An Al‐rich, SiO₂‐deficient sapphirine–garnet‐bearing rock occurs as a metapelitic boudin within granulite facies Proterozoic charnockitic gneisses and migmatites on the island of Hisøy, Bamble Sector, SE Norway. The boudin is made up of peraluminous sapphirine, garnet, corundum, spinel, orthopyroxene, sillimanite, cordierite, staurolite and biotite in a variety of assemblages. Thermobarometric calculations based on coexisting sapphirine–spinel, garnet–corundum–spinel–sillimanite, sapphirine–orthopyroxene, and garnet–orthopyroxene indicate peak‐metamorphic conditions near to 930 °C at 10 kbar. Corundum occurs as single 200 to 3000 micron sized skeletal crystal intergrowths in cores of optically continuous pristine garnet porphyroblasts. Quartz occurs as 5–60 micron‐sized euhedral to lobate inclusions in the corundum where it is in direct contact with the corundum with no evidence of a reaction texture. Some crystal inclusions exhibit growth zoning, which indicates that textural equilibrium was achieved. Electron Back‐Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) studies reveal that the quartz inclusions share a common c‐axis with the host corundum crystal. The origin of the quartz inclusions in corundum is enigmatic as recent experimental studies have confirmed the instability of quartz–corundum over geologically realistic P–T ranges. The combined EBSD and textural observations suggest the presence of a former silica‐bearing proto‐corundum, which underwent exsolution during post‐peak‐metamorphic uplift and cooling. Exsolution of quartz in corundum is probably confined to fluid‐absent conditions where phase transitions by coupled dissolution–precipitation mechanisms are prevented.     

王家岭煤矿中奥陶统峰峰组隔水特征分析

依据王家岭煤矿中奥陶统峰峰组岩性特征及采样分析结果,把该组划分为四个层段:风化淋滤段、上部含石膏段、厚层泥晶灰岩段和下部含膏岩段。在分析该区水文孔抽水试验和岩样溶蚀实验结果的基础上,结合区域的水文地质特征、构造特点、岩性等方面情况,分段分析了峰峰组的隔水特性,分析认为:风化淋滤段、上部含石膏段和厚层泥晶灰岩段隔水能力较弱,下部含膏岩段隔水能力很强。分析结果对开采太原组煤层有一定的参考价值。     

基于改进土壤冻融水循环的Biome-BGC模型估算青藏高原草地NPP

Biome-BGC模型被广泛用于估算植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity, NPP）,但是该模型未考虑冻土区土壤冻融水循环过程对植被生长的影响。本文基于Biome-BGC模型,改进冻土区活动层土壤冻融水循环,估算了2000—2018年青藏高原高寒草地NPP。通过比较原模型和改进后的模型,并对NPP模拟结果的时空特征进行了分析,结果表明：① 增加冻融循环提高了NPP估算精度,青藏高原草地NPP均值由114.68 gC/(m²·a)提高到128.02 gC/(m²·a)。② 原模型和改进后NPP的空间分布差异较大,时间变化趋势差异不明显。③ 青藏高原草地NPP总量为253.83 TgC/a,呈东南向西北递减的空间格局,年均增速为0.21gC/(m²·a)（P=0.023）,显著增加的占17.85%,主要分布在羌塘高寒草原地带的大部分地区和藏南山地灌木草原地带的西部。④ 该冻融水循环改进方法简单可靠,具有在其他多年冻土区推广的价值。     

Particulate PAHs levels at Mt. Halla site in Jeju Island, Korea: Regional background levels in northeast Asia

The levels of PM.25 PAHs at Mt. Halla site, Jeju Island, a background site in Korea were observed between March 1999 and March 2002. A seasonal variation was observed for the particulate PAHs concentrations with high levels during cold season similar to Gosan, a nearby coastal background site, due to the seasonal variations of fossil fuel usage in Asia. The total average concentration of ambient particulate PAHs was 404 ± 579 pg m^− 3, about one order lower than the ambient level at Gosan. However, the ratios of the anthropogenic inorganic ion concentrations between Mt. Halla and Gosan were smaller, 1.5 for non sea-salt (nss) sulfate and 2.7 for nitrate. Two possible explanations for these characteristics are (1) two sites measured different air parcels and/or (2) the effect of local emissions were different at two sites. Based on the Bep/BaP ratio result, upper air wind direction data, backward trajectory analysis, and LIDAR measurement data at Gosan, it was found that the degree of the effects of local emissions to the sampling sites be the major reason for the different PAHs levels at two sites though, in some cases, the air parcels arriving at Mt. Halla were different from those arriving at Gosan. For secondary aerosol such as nss sulfate, the lower concentration difference indicates both site are affected by regional transport. It points that the measurement result for directly emitted species such as PAHs at Gosan might be significantly influenced by local emissions.     

中条山北段元古宙岩浆活动与陆壳生长机制

中条山北段元古宙未变质和变质的火成岩分属于３大阶段５期岩浆活动的产物。综合分析本区火成岩的岩石学、地球化学特征和沉积相与变质变形作用的关系后提出，中条山北段元古宙时期不是大陆裂谷，而是古大陆边缘活动带。中基性岩浆活动是该区元古宙地壳演化的重要组成部分，幔源基性岩浆的底侵导致了陆壳的垂向增生，而两期火山活动则导致了陆壳的水平侧向增生。     

长沙市第三产业结构优化研究

分析了改革开放以来长沙市第三产业发展对全市社会经济成长的贡献，并针对长沙第三产业发展存在的经济效益低、新兴行业发展缓慢、产业化和社会化程度低、市场体系不完善等突出问题，运用层次分析法对长沙第三产业结构优化中的主导行业进行了选择，同时提出了多渠道融资以增加投入，促进第三产业自我发展机制创新及强化第三产业管理机构，切实加强法制建设等结构优化对策。