Primary production of Inner Mongolia, China, between 1982 and 1999 estimated by a satellite data-driven light use efficiency model

Declining biological production as a part of an ongoing land degradation process is considered a severe environmental problem in the dry northern and northwestern regions of China. The aim of this study is to develop and adapt a satellite data-driven gross primary production model called Lund University light use efficiency model (LULUE) to temperate conditions in order to map gross primary production (GPP) for the Grasslands of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR), China, from 1982 to 1999. The water stress factor included in the original model has been complemented with two temperature stress factors. In addition, algorithms that allocate the proportions of C3/C4 photosynthetic pathways used by plants and that compute temperature-based C3 maximum efficiency values have been incorporated in the model.The applied light use efficiency (LUE) model is using time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), CLouds from AVHRR (CLAVR) from the 8-km resolution NOAA Pathfinder Land Data Set (PAL). Quasi-daily rainfall and monthly minimum and maximum temperatures, together with soil texture information, are used to compute water limitations to plant growth. The model treats bare soil evaporation and actual transpiration separately, a refinement that is more biophysically realistic, and leads to enhanced precision in our water stress term, especially across vegetation gradients.Based on ground measurements of net primary production (NPP) at one site, the LULUE reproduces the variability of primary production better than CENTURY or NDVI alone. Mean annual GPP between 1982 and 1999 range from about 100 g/m² in desert regions in the west to about 4000 g/m² in the northeast of IMAR, and the coefficient of variation for GPP is highest near the margins of the deserts in the west where rainfall is erratic. Linear trends fitted through the 18-year time series reveal that the western regions have encountered no change, while a large area in the center of the IMAR shows marked increases in GPP. In the northeast, negative trends in GPP are noted and coincide with rainfall trends. Though the high inter-annual variability in primary production undermines the identification of significant trends, we could not isolate any general decline in grassland primary production.     

哈萨克斯坦主要矿产资源特征及矿业投资环境

哈萨克斯坦地处中亚核心位置,是丝绸之路经济带的重要节点和战略枢纽,具有丰富的矿产资源,地缘政治经济意义重大,是中国企业开展国际矿业投资合作的重要目标国之一。本文在系统梳理哈萨克斯坦基本国情、主要矿产资源特征及开发现状、地质工作程度和地矿管理体系等基础上,对哈萨克斯坦的矿业投资环境进行了评价,分析了矿业投资的有利和不利条件。研究认为哈萨克斯坦矿产资源禀赋优势突出,油气、铀、铬、金、钨、铅、锌及铜等矿种的资源储量居世界前列;全国仅有10%～15%的已探明矿产资源处于开发阶段,采矿业发展潜力巨大;哈萨克斯坦的总体投资环境优越,吸引外资力度逐渐加大,矿产勘探开发水平不断提升。但中国企业开展矿业投资也存在竞争力不足,以及面临政策法规不稳定、地质技术资料不可靠及运营等方面的风险。为此,建议中国投资者一方面要加强对哈萨克斯坦优势矿产的投资力度,积极拓展合作方式及合作领域;另一方面要注重与哈萨克斯坦各利益集团建立良好关系,结合企业优势,综合评价矿业项目,做好风险预警防范;同时,在投资过程中要尊重地方文化习俗,积极履行社会责任。     

全球工业领域白银需求预测

在全球能源低碳转型的背景下,白银不仅广泛应用于电子电气、钎焊合金等传统工业领域以及首饰银器和投资领域,更是与光伏、电动汽车和5G技术等绿色清洁能源领域密切相关。本研究采用部门分析法分别预测在既定政策情景(STEPS)、宣布承诺情景(APS)和2050年净零排放情景(NZE)三种情景下光伏、电动汽车领域的白银需求,并使用ARIMA模型分析传统工业领域需求,预测至2035年全球白银需求。研究结果表明,三种情景下, 2035年工业领域对白银的需求量分别为19 360 t、21 621 t和26 894 t。在中情景下(APS情景)低碳领域白银需求量将在2031年超过传统工业领域白银需求量;在高情景下(NZE情景)低碳领域需求量将在2024年超过传统工业领域白银需求量。     

四川盆地西部两次暖区暴雨过程分析

利用地面、高空观测资料、卫星和多普勒雷达资料、ERA-Interim再分析资料,对2012年8月17日(12·08)和2017年7月16日(17·07)四川盆地西部两次暖区暴雨过程的环境条件、中尺度对流系统、雷达回波特征和动力抬升条件等预报着眼点进行了对比分析。结果表明:两次过程均出现在低层偏南暖湿气流和地面热低压之中,12·08暴雨发生在副高边缘,水汽输送条件更好,对流持续时间更长,17·07暴雨发生在高空低涡切变后部,高层冷平流使得位势不稳定更强,对流强度更剧烈;12·08暴雨中尺度对流系统沿副高外围自南向北缓慢移动,具有明显列车效应,其强回波质心高度较低,属于积状云为主的混合性降水,17·07暴雨中尺度对流系统在高空低涡后部偏北气流引导下自北向南快速移动,其强回波质心高度较高,属于积状云降水;地面辐合线为对流的发生发展提供了较好的动力触发条件,两次过程强降水均随着地面辐合线的生成而发生,且强降水中心出现在中尺度辐合线附近,并随着辐合线而移动。     

Organic matter accumulation of Late Ordovician sediments in North Guizhou Province,China: Sulfur isotope and trace element evidences

The organic-rich Upper Ordovician sediments (Wufeng and Guanyinqiao Formations) on the Yangtze platform are considered to be one of the main source rocks. Here we present geochemical proxies, including redox indicator (S/C ratios and sulfur isotopes) and productivity indices (TOC, Mo and Ba contents), from Nanbazi section in North Guizhou province, South China, in order to investigate the mechanism of organic matter accumulation. The geochemical data suggest a stagnant and anoxic environment predominated the Yangtze Sea during the Wufeng period, whereas ventilated and oxygenated marine conditions pervaded the Yangtze Sea during the Guanyinqiao period. Variations in the concentration of TOC, Mo and Ba indicate that higher organic carbon export in the Wufeng intervals than those in the Guanyinqiao intervals. These variations in redox and productivity during the late Ordovician were associated with different mechanisms and forcing processes. The abrupt change from anoxic to oxygenated condition at the beginning of the Guanyinqiao was concomitant with the global glacial period, likely resulted from the glacio-eustatic sea-level fall and subsequent circulation of cold, dense oxygenated waters upon the shelf seabed. The productivity variations were related to the change of nutrient supply, which is consistent with volcanic activities and runoff to the Yangtze Sea. Redox changes, together with primary productivity fluctuations could have played a significant role on the variation of organic matter accumulation during the late Ordovician in South China.     

The development of marine biotechnology in Oman: Potential for capacity building through open innovation

This study examines the current state of the art in the emerging and strategically important marine biotechnology sector in Oman, which has a long coastline, rich marine heritage and strong fishing industry. In a knowledge-based economy, the ability to innovate is a key factor for increasing organisational competitiveness and this may be achieved using open innovation. This is the use by firms of external knowledge, ideas and technology to innovate. In this study, the extent of open innovation in Omani marine bioindustry companies has been studied by examining data from the top sixteen companies ranked by number of employees. The results indicate that the extent of openness in these companies is higher towards market side activities. In addition, the use of open innovation to increase collaboration between companies, Universities and government research institutes needs to be significantly strengthened.     

内蒙古阿拉善呼口塞勒铜矿床Ⅱ号矿体原生叠加晕特征

研究了内蒙古阿拉善呼口塞勒铜矿床Ⅱ号矿体100线剖面原生叠加晕特征,结果表明,100线剖面+1 308~1 141m标高的轴向分带序列(由上到下)为W-Ni-As-Pb-Mo-Cu-Co-Au-Zn,有明显的相互叠置特征,地球化学参数在中段逐渐减小,可以确定矿体是多个成矿阶段叠加形成的。2个主成矿阶段形成的矿体部分叠加,矿体上部经过较强的剥蚀,但还有一定的延深。此次原生叠加晕的研究为下一步钻探施工提供了依据,明确了在该区继续进行原生晕研究的方向。     

湖南涟邵煤田北段西部断裂带构造特征

涟邵煤田北段西部逆冲推覆构造和重力滑动构造并存,前者表现为逆冲叠瓦扇,其主干断层向下收敛于加里东不整合面附近,总体沿加里东不整合面向西逆冲推覆,后者则表现为滑片型,总体向东滑动。滑脱构造对煤层结构和煤厚变化具有明显的影响,它使煤层原生结构遭受破坏形成各种构造煤,并导致煤层厚度重新分配,形成NE—NNE向展布的厚、薄煤带。     

广西前汛期锋前暖区暴雨过程的模拟与分析

利用中尺度数值模式MM5对2005年5月8-9日广西的暖区暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,并对暖区暴雨形成和发展的机制进行了分析研究.结果表明:高空急流稳定维持与低空急流持续加强是这次暖区暴雨发生发展的动力机制;在暖区暴雨形成与发展的过程中,低空各层自上而下均有急流核向东传播的现象;低空急流核以接力振荡的形式快速东传,而不是向北面的锋区运动,有利于暖区累积充沛的水汽和不稳定能量,造成不稳定能量和水汽在锋区和暖区的不均匀分布,也有利于有组织的对流活动在暖区反复生成和发展,从而导致了暖区不仅降雨量大,而且雨强比锋区降水强.     

福建永春煤矿瓦斯涌出特征及防治

福建省永春煤矿属极低瓦斯矿井,根据煤矿矿井地质特征以及生产过程中大量实测的煤层瓦斯涌出数据,认为导致本矿区瓦斯含量小的主要原因为:暴露式煤田有利于瓦斯沿煤层露头逸出,围岩的透气性好有利于瓦斯的运移和排放,地下水的频繁活动不利于瓦斯的积聚,以及成煤作用后期的地质构造运动等。研究表明随着开采深度的增加,在局部地段仍可能出现高瓦斯区。为有效防范和遏制小煤矿瓦斯事故的发生,提出了健全瓦斯治理机构、改进装备、完善各项规章制度、加强现场与技术管理、改善安全生产条件、提高从业人员素质等措施,全面提升瓦斯治理水平。