Analysis of the interannual variability of annual daily extreme water levels in the St Lawrence River and Lake Ontario from 1918 to 2010

We compared the interannual variability of annual daily maximum and minimum extreme water levels in Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence River (Sorel station) from 1918 to 2010, using several statistical tests. The interannual variability of annual daily maximum extreme water levels in Lake Ontario is characterized by a positive long‐term trend showing two shifts in mean (1929–1930 and 1942–1943) and a single shift in variance (in 1958–1959). In contrast, for the St Lawrence River, this interannual variability is characterized by a negative long‐term trend with a single shift in mean, which occurred in 1955–1956. As for annual daily minimum extreme water levels, their interannual variability shows no significant long‐term change in trend. However, for Lake Ontario, the interannual variability of these water levels shows two shifts in mean, which are synchronous with those for maximum water levels, and a single shift in variance, which occurred in 1965–1966. These changes in trend and stationarity (mean and variance) are thought to be due to factors both climatic (the Great Drought of the 1930s) and human (digging of the Seaway and construction of several dams and locks during the 1950s). Despite this change in means and variance, the four series are clearly described by the generalized extreme value distribution. Finally, annual daily maximum and minimum extreme water levels in the St Lawrence and Lake Ontario are negatively correlated with Atlantic multidecadal oscillation over the period from 1918 to 2010. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Revisiting the abandoned shorelines of Lake George,Australia: a refined optical dating framework

Abandoned shorelines are an important archive used to constrain past fluctuations in the hydrological balance of lakes around the globe. Within Australia, the shorelines preserved at Lake George, NSW, form one of the few shoreline archives in the south-east of the continent that record palaeoenvironmental conditions throughout the late Quaternary. Here, we examined and tested the lake-level record for Lake George constructed in the 1970s by dating a well-preserved shoreline sequence at Luckdale, on the lake's eastern shore, using single-grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. Ten stratigraphic units were identified, and these suggest a late Quaternary highstand for Lake George in MIS 3, with fluctuations superimposed upon an overall drying trend throughout MIS 2 and into the present. At Luckdale, the highest four shoreline-associated units were deposited ~13 to 19 m above lake base and date to between 39 ± 2 and 29 ± 1 ka ago. Our study pushes back the timing of maximum lake depth at Lake George to at least MIS 3, rather than MIS 2. The overall drying trend is supported by similar reductions in both Riverine Plain fluvial activity and other associated lake-level records from within the Murray basin.     

基于高分一号宽幅多光谱影像的鄱阳湖湿地分类研究

典型湿地类型分类对于湿地生态环境保护和生态环境建设具有重要意义。本研究以高分一号宽幅多光谱影像数据作为数据源,以鄱阳湖典型湿地作为研究对象,进行典型湿地类型分类。研究采用主成分分析、归一化植被指数、比值植被指数和归一化差异水体指数等方法对不同湿地类型进行光谱特征分析,结果表明:高分一号宽幅多光谱影像反演的归一化植被指数和归一化水体指数能够较好地区分水体、泥滩、挺水植物和湿生植物等常见湿地类型。通过归一化植被指数将湿地类型分为植被和非植被,归一化差异水体指数将植被类型进一步分为挺水植物和湿生植物,将非植被分为水体和泥滩。构建决策树对典型湿地类型进行自动分类,经过精度评价和分析验证,该方法针对高分一号宽幅数据进行典型湿地分类总体精度能够达到82.28%,Kappa系数0.7346,优于常规的监督分类和非监督分类。     

Evidence for a shock-metamorphic breccia within a buried impact crater,Lake Raeside,Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia

Mineral exploration drilling 60 km west of Leonora in 2008 intersected >95 m of poorly consolidated granitoid-dominated breccia at the base of a Cenozoic paleochannel beneath Lake Raeside. The breccia, initially interpreted as a kimberlite, is composed of poorly consolidated fragments of granitic gneiss, felsite and metamorphosed mafic rock within a matrix of fine to medium-grained breccia. Microscopic examination revealed quartz grains displaying well-developed planar deformation features (PDFs) dominated by the ω? {1013} planar set, diaplectic silica glass and diaplectic plagioclase glass. These features constitute the diagnostic hallmarks of shock metamorphism owing to high-velocity impact of a large meteorite or asteroid. The PDFs in quartz grains of the breccia are distinctly different from metamorphic deformation lamellae produced tectonically or in diatremes. Airborne total magnetic intensity data suggest an outline of an 11 km-diameter crater, consistent with the significant thickness of the shock-metamorphosed breccia at >95 m, suggestive of the existence of a large impact structure.     

新疆罗布泊超大型卤水钾矿发现20年

"罗布泊超大型卤水鉀矿"的发现,是中国众多地学科学家40年探寻预测的。王弭力研究员及其团队,于1995年秋首次踏进罗布泊"罗北凹地",当年找到4356万t优质卤水鉀矿;经五年科研和勘探,查明儲量达2.5亿t、为超大型卤水鉀矿。理论创新,成为完成科硏和勘探的关键,加速了百万吨级"罗钾公司"硫酸钾肥生产成功投产。古丝绸之路上生命回归、一颗新星"罗布泊"镇诞生,"百年罗钾"资源保障科研探钾即将启动,中国几代"钾盐人"的梦想成真。     

Geochemical characteristics of the Paleogene shales in the Dongying depression,eastern China

Fluctuations in lacustrine sedimentary environments significantly affect distributions of organic matter (OM), uranium, and other elements in shales. In this study a high-resolution geochemical record of fluctuations in the paleo-depositional environment of a terrestrial lake basin is provided on the basis of extensive samples collected from the Member 3 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation (Es₃) of the Niu-38 well in the Dongying Depression, Eastern China. These samples were tested for total organic carbon (TOC), element concentrations, and biomarkers to study the evolution and fluctuation in the depositional environments of an ancient lake basin and associated geochemical response. The evolution and fluctuation of the sedimentary environment from a deep lake to a semi-deep lake and then to a shallow lake delta were indicated by geochemical response. During this evolution, the values of TOC, S₁, S₂, Sr, and Ts/(Ts + Tm) remarkably decreased, whereas those of Co, Ni, Rb, Na, Fe/Mn, Fe/(Ca + Mg), and C₂₉ mortane/C₂₉ hopane significantly increased. The deep lake basin shows depositional fluctuations, as indicated by rock lithofacies and their geochemical parameters. A close interrelationship was observed among U concentration, TOC content, and inorganic element content. Uranium concentrations are positively correlated with TOC contents, Ca and Sr concentrations, and Sr/Ba and Ca/Mg ratios but negatively with K, Na, Ba, and Rb contents and Fe/(Ca + Mg) and Fe/Mn ratios. The observed increase in U concentration in the lower Es₃ section is closely related to surface adsorption by clay minerals and OM, together with some replacements of Ca and Sr by U in the shales.     

中朝边境天池破火山口湖底地形多波束测深探测

为调查天池破火山口湖的基本参数和湖底地形特征,研究破火山口的内部构造、破火山口的组合样式和垮塌堆积分布,本文采用多波束测深方法,对天池湖底地形进行了探测。探测结果显示:天池最大水深值为373.2m,天池水域边界实测周长为13.44km,天池湖水面面积9.4km~2,天池总蓄水量约为19.88×10~8m~3。天池周边分布4个温泉,温度为7~47℃。根据湖底地形推断,现今的天池破火山口形成于千年大喷发。其后,在天池西侧形成一个喷火口,东侧形成一个熔岩丘。天池湖底存在5个较大的破火山口内壁垮塌堆积区,但在湖底未见熔岩流。天池边缘出露的温泉点对应环状断裂,同时反映深部存在岩浆体。     

微山湖流域高氟地下水的成因分析

依据2006—2016年间采集的区内475件地下水无机分析数据以及钻探岩心易溶盐测试数据,详细研究了微山湖流域高氟地下水的分布特征和富集机制。结果表明:微山湖流域高氟地下水的分布有明显的东西分区特征,湖西冲积、湖积平原区有大范围的高氟地下水,在深度0—40 m的浅层孔隙地下水中,氟含量以1~2 mg/L为主,仅现代黄河影响带地下水氟含量小于1 mg/L,金乡、单县、嘉祥局部超过3 mg/L,最大值9.5 mg/L;在深度150—400 m的深层孔隙地下水中,氟含量以1~1.5 mg/L为主,菏泽—单县条带氟含量超过2 mg/L,最大值3.5 mg/L。微山湖东冲积、洪积平原浅层孔隙地下水、深层岩溶地下水氟含量均小于1 mg/L。湖西冲积、湖积平原沉积物中可溶性氟含量随深度增加而降低。微山湖流域湖西高氟地下水形成受物质来源、淋滤和蒸发浓缩等三方面因素共同控制,CaF_2的溶解平衡是控制地下水F–含量的重要因素。     

地质雷达电磁干扰分析及在隧洞岩溶探测中的应用

将地质雷达用于千岛湖配水工程某隧洞岩溶探测,分析了倾斜状电磁干扰异常与溶洞雷达异常差异,通过雷达剖面及疑似异常区单道时间-频率谱的分析,推断了隧底岩溶的性质及空间分布特征,含水溶洞在雷达剖面反映为同相轴错断,强振幅及能量高衰减的特性,高频干扰波振幅幅值较异常区小且能量不满足随时间推移逐渐衰减的规律,雷达成果为隧洞安全施工提供了准确的参考。      

西藏班戈错水菱镁矿藻类成矿实验及其成因分析

目前关于天然水菱镁矿的形成认识主要有蒸发沉积成因和生物成因两类。前人在室内成功制备出水菱镁矿矿物,证实了该矿物的无机成因理论,但是实验结晶条件明显高于西藏班戈错的寒冷气候条件和水化学条件,并且班戈错湖水通过自然蒸发结晶也难以形成水菱镁矿矿物,而这一认识与周边阶地上正在形成水菱镁矿的现象相矛盾。因此,自然蒸发沉积可能不是现阶段班戈错水菱镁矿的主要形成过程,而已有研究表明,藻类具备诱导形成碳酸盐矿物的能力,本文利用西藏班戈错Ⅲ湖湖水及其藻类开展室内模拟实验,并与无藻类的湖水自然结晶结果相对照,探讨藻类生命活动与班戈错水菱镁矿的成因联系。研究发现,藻类不仅能够适应高盐度盐水环境（矿化度117.3 g/L）,并且在其光合作用过程中还能显著提高周围水体pH值（最高可达10.564）,诱导并促进球碳镁石在藻类网状节点处结晶沉淀,该矿物进一步脱水即能够形成水菱镁矿矿物;而人为提高班戈错Ⅲ湖湖水Mg2+浓度也仅能结晶形成三水菱镁矿矿物,无球碳镁石或水菱镁矿结晶析出。因此,西藏班戈错水菱镁矿的形成过程与藻类生物成矿作用密切相关,但是有关球碳镁石向水菱镁矿转变的具体条件以及藻类成矿作用的具体分子机制仍不清楚,有待于进一步研究。