我国沿海鲻鱼(Mugil cephalus)不同地理群体形态差异研究

运用多变量形态度量学分析方法,对我国沿海的四个鲻鱼群体110个个体的形态变异进行了分析。聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明,位于我国南部沿海的广东湛江群体(ZJ)与福建厦门群体(XM)形态最为接近,位于北部沿海的河北塘沽群体(HB)与山东青岛群体(QD)的形态最为接近;而南、北部群体间的趋异程度较大,有一定程度的形态分化。主成分分析前3个主成分对不同群体间总变异方差的贡献率分别为:50.00%、12.16%、11.10%,累积贡献率为73.25%。主成分分析结果表明,四个鲻鱼群体在形态上的差别很大程度上是由体型的高低、长短引起的,且主要集中在胸部和尾部。判别分析中采用9个不同的变量,分别构建了四个鲻鱼群体的判别公式,判别正确率达到99.1%。     

中国建设用地省际分布的统计分析

建设用地的扩张是中国耕地减少的最重要因素，通过建立建设用地分布的定量关系，揭示建设用地增长的动力学基础。通过居民点和工矿用地、交通用地、建设用地总量（前二者之和）的省际分布与人口、人均耕地的省际分布的单因素和双因素统计分析发现：这三者的分布与这两个因素存在很强的二元线性相关；人口分布对居民点和工矿用地总量分布的影响要比对交通用地总量分布的影响大，人均耕地分布对这二者的人均值分布的影响，则恰恰相反。     

两种花鲈(Lateolabrax sp.)耳石形态的地理变异

以耳石宽/耳石长（W/H）、主叶斜长/耳石长（L/H）、侧叶斜长/耳石长（l/H）、核宽/耳石宽（ow/W）、主叶宽/耳石宽（w/W）、主叶长/耳石长（h/H）、侧叶宽/主叶宽（w＇/w）、主叶宽/主叶长（w/h）、核宽/核长（ow/oh）、核长/第一年年轮直径（oh/D）为具体形态学分析参数,比较了鲈鱼、花鲈的舟山、福州、厦门和广西近海群体耳石的形态学特征.结果表明,鲈鱼与花鲈耳石形态、耳石重-耳石长的关系差异显著;聚类分析显示鲈鱼与花鲈舟山、福州、厦门、广西群体间的欧氏距离分别为4.538、5.656、5.396、4.670,花鲈各群体间欧氏距离在2.108-4.566之间.认为中国近海不同海域的花鲈群体耳石形态具有显著的地理变异,谨慎提出前述中国近海的花鲈分为三个不同的地理种群,即舟山种群、福州-厦门种群和广西种群的可能性.     

Contemporary management issues confronting fisheries science

Stock collapses have occurred worldwide. The most frequently cited cause is over-fishing, suggesting that fisheries management has been ineffective in controlling exploitation rates. The progression of a fishery from an over-exploited to a collapsed state involves impairment of the reproductive capacity of the target species, i.e. recruitment over-fishing. In many cases, this occurs by reduction of the spawning stock biomass (SSB) through the systematic elimination of spawning components within a stock complex. While operational definitions of minimum levels of SSB have been developed, they have seldom been applied and never adopted in a Canadian groundfish management context. The answer to the question of how much is enough to perpetuate a stock under exploitation has been illusive. Serebryakov [J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 47 (1990) 267] has advocated definition of critical levels of SSB based on survival rates (R/SSB). We review his method and discuss the utility of the approach. An alternative approach to the problem of estimating minimum SSB is through a fundamental revision of the traditional stock and recruitment relationship. Explicit theoretical SSB thresholds below which reproduction/recruitment is severely impaired based upon density-dependent mating success (or Allee effects) is considered a superior approach to the question of how much is enough because of its ecological grounding. However, the successful application of this approach will require re-definition of the space/time scales of the management unit. Finally, support is growing for the establishment of closed areas or “no-take zones” as an alternative approach to managing the problems of fishing a stock complex by enabling sub-populations to escape fishing. While the expected benefits of areas protected from fishing are numerous, clear demonstrations of benefits of such areas in marine temperate ecosystems are lacking. In fact, unintended negative consequences may result from such actions.     

辽东湾斑海豹历史种群数量的估计

辽东湾斑海豹(Phoca largha)在本世纪里由于过度捕杀,种群数量下降比较严重。本文利用1930～1990年的捕获统计数据,对1930年以来辽东湾斑海豹的种群数量变化进行了估计。该种群在30年代初有7100头,并于1940年达到最高峰8137头,40～70年代末,由于过度捕杀,种群数量几度下降,1979年只有2269头(以上结果依据R=0.09413的种群更替率算得)。经1979～1982年徘徊以后,该种群数量迅速回升,并达到50年代末期的水平。根据0.09413,0.1163的种群更替率,对生殖力及特定年龄的死亡率进行估计。结果表明,在高比例的雌性生殖力情况下,辽东湾斑海豹幼体死亡率低于52％,成体死亡率低于16％。     

温度对壶状臂尾轮虫实验种群动态的影响

于１９９７年１０月,采用单个体培养方法,在１５℃、２０℃、２５℃和３０℃下对采自武汉东湖的壶状臂尾轮虫的实验种群动态进行了研究。结果表明,随着温度的升高,壶状臂尾轮虫各主要发育阶段如胚胎发育、生殖前期、生殖期、生殖后期等的历时,以及平均寿命均缩短,轮虫存沃经下降的速度逐渐加快,系列率高峰值出现的时间逐渐前移。其中胚 育时间（Ｄ）和温度（Ｔ）间的回归方程式为：ｌｎＤ＝１１．６６７２３－４．２６４７９     

北部湾拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)群体遗传结构及其扩张分析

利用线粒体16SrRNA基因片段分析北部湾拟穴青蟹群体遗传结构及其扩张历史。结果表明,16SrRNA基因片段长度在521—523bp之间,6个拟穴青蟹群体具21种单倍型。群体总体水平的单倍型多样性(h)和核甘酸多样性(π)分别为0.6259和0.001851。群体间遗传距离与地理距离之间无相关性。群体间遗传分化系数(Gst)在0.02008—0.04362之间,基因流(Nm)值在5.48—12.20之间。AMOVA分析表明,群体间遗传变异占0.1%,群体内遗传变异占99.9%。群体间固定指数(Fst)的绝对值在0.00026—0.02977之间,暗示群体间没有产生遗传分化。单倍型邻接树和单倍型中介网络图显示,单倍型没有按采样地形成谱系分支。中性检验和错配分析揭示,北部湾拟穴青蟹群体在历史上经历过群体扩张。群体扩张时间大致在更新世晚期的0.04698—0.01879MY前或0.04520—0.01808MY前。     

The Influence of Population Density on the Mating System of Thalassoma pavo, a Protogynous Mediterranean Labrid Fish

Abstract. The aim of the present study is to determine the factor balancing the reproductive polymorphism obSérved in Thalassoma pavo , a Méditerranean labrid fish that shows two sexually distinct types of males: small gonochoristic males and large sex-changed males. Large males defend specific mating sites above which females come to spawn. In such a mating system (pair spawning performed only by large territorial males), small males almost never get the opportunity to spawn. In a similar situation, Thalassoma bifasciatum , a coral reef species, shows a change of its mating system due to the influence of population density. As the population density grows, the proportion of small males in the population increases until they are numerous enough to take over a mating site where they perform group spawns. Concerning Thalassoma pavo , neither the group spawning behavior nor any other factor has ever been described to explain the maintenance of the two types of males.     

Developing the scientific framework for urban geochemistry

Urban geochemistry is a unique discipline that is distinguished from general geochemistry by the complex infrastructure and intense human activities associated with concentrated population centers. As stated by Thornton (1991) “This subject is concerned with the complex interactions and relationships between chemical elements and their compounds in the urban environment, the influence of past and present human and industrial activities on these, and the impacts or effects of geochemical parameters in urban areas on plant, animal and human health.” Urban areas present special challenges to geochemists attempting to understand geochemical states and fluxes. On the 5–6 of August, 2014, the first meeting of the reorganized Urban Geochemistry Working Group of the International Association of GeoChemistry (IAGC) was held in Columbus, Ohio, United States. Two goals of the meeting were to develop the overall scope, and a general definition of urban geochemistry. Five grand themes were developed: 1) recognizing the urban geochemical signature; 2) recognizing the legacy of altered hydrologic and geochemical cycles in urban environments; 3) measuring the urban geochemical signature; 4) understanding the urban influence on geochemical cycles from the continuous development and erosion of physical infrastructure and episodic perturbations; and 5) relating urban geochemistry to human and environmental health and policy. After synthesizing the discussion of these themes we offer the following perspective on the science of urban geochemistry building on the work of Thornton (1991): Urban geochemistry as a scientific discipline provides valuable information on the chemical composition of environments that support large populations and are critical to human health and well-being. Research into urban geochemistry seeks to 1) elucidate and quantify the sources, transport, transformations, and fate of chemicals in the urban environment, 2) recognize the spatial and temporal (including legacies) variability in these processes, and 3) integrate urban studies into global perspectives on climate change, biogeochemical cycles, and human and ecosystem health. We hope that this discussion will encourage other geochemists to engage in challenges unique to urban systems, as well as provide a framework for the future of urban geochemistry research.