扬子台地北缘志留纪笔石Oktavites spiralis居群差异研究

通过对陕西紫阳、岚皋地区多个志留系特列奇阶剖面的研究,根据更为精确的化石定义,奥氏笔石属新种Oktavites ziyangensis sp. nov可以从Oktavites spiralis 居群中识别出来。新种O. ziyangensis 在笔石枝盘旋方式和胞管形态上与O. spiralis 和Oktavites contortus 均存在一定的相似性,三者共生层位为特列奇阶Spirograptus turriculatus 笔石带至Cyrtograptus lapworthi 笔石带。尽管新种O. ziyangensis 地层延限较长,但胞管的快速演化仍使其具备较强的地层对比意义。根据“深水起源、浅水扩散”的笔石演化模式推测,O. contortus-O. ziyangensis-O. spiralis 的演化过程是笔石在纵向上的生态位占据过程,而O. spiralis 居群形态差别则是笔石深度分带的结果。同时,关于O. spiralis 居群差异的研究,也为讨论弓笔石的起源和分类提供更多的参考依据。     

干旱区绿洲城市城镇化发展状况及协调性浅析——以吐鲁番地区为例

城镇化是一个国家或地区经济发展的必经途径,同时也是衡量某地区经济发展水平的重要标志之一。城镇化进程不仅关系到区域人口、经济和环境的可持续发展,还关系到区域平衡与区域生产效率,以致关系到区域的综合竞争力。利用2001—2011年吐鲁番地区人口、经济、社会和生态方面的相关数据,剖析吐鲁番地区城镇化系统,选出并构建吐鲁番地区人口、经济、社会和生态4个城镇化系统的6个评价指标体系,对指标进行定量分析;计算城镇化4个系统以及城镇化发展水平的综合评价指数及其各系统的协调度,根据各子系统评价指数建立数学模型,分析吐鲁番地区城镇化驱动因子以及制约该地区城镇化进程的影响因素;并推算出吐鲁番地区城镇化的变化和发展趋势。     

2011年深圳人体舒适度空间分布特征及影响因子分析

利用深圳多个区域自动气象站资料,采用考虑了气温、风速、相对湿度等要素的人体舒适度计算方案,计算了深圳地区的人体舒适度指数以及不同舒适等级天数,分析了城市地形地貌、路网密度和人口密度等因素对人体舒适度的影响。结果表明：深圳地区沿海比内陆舒适,全市全年舒适天数为7-9个月,夏季感觉热的天数约为2-3个月,冬季感觉冷的天数大部分地区为30 d左右。从不同地区人体舒适度指数的日变化特征来看,夏季比冬季更易受地理位置和下垫面等因素影响。地形地貌、海陆分布、城市规划等地理因素对人体舒适度均有一定影响,相关分析表明海拔高度、道路占地面积和人口密度与热-炎热日数呈对数关系。但在深圳的东部人口稀疏和道路占地较小地区也并非舒适宜人,也会出现较多炎热天气,这与该地区年平均风速相对微弱有直接关系。     

Population, income and ecological conditions as determinants of forest area variation in the tropics

The underlying causes of forest area variation were studied by using data from the original forest assessments between 1970 and 1991 of FAO FORIS database representing 477 subnational geographical units in 67 tropical countries. Multiple regression modelling was applied to measure the effects. Five ecological variables were used to control the varying ecological conditions in the subnational units. Three variables were used to control the varying reliability of forest inventory data. Population and income variables were found to be significant factors explaining forest area variation after controlling for ecological variation. In particular population density and income per capita turned out to be significant underlying factors of deforestation. The overall conclusion is that determining the factors behind forest area variation helps explaining the causes of deforestation.     

Interactions between the rotifer Euchlanis dilatata and the cladocerans Alona glabra and Macrothrix triserialis in relation to diet type

We studied, separately, the effect of the cladocerans Alona glabra and Macrothrix triserialis on the population growth of the rotifer Euchlanis dilatata using three different food types (Chlorella and Scenedesmus, live or dead, offered on a comparable dry weight basis, 3.16 μg C ml⁻¹). Regardless of the presence or absence of competition, E. dilatata cultured using Chlorella (live or dead) showed a higher population growth as compared to Scenedesmus. Compared to heat-killed C. vulgaris, E. dilatata cultured alone and fed on live algae reached higher abundances. Both cladoceran species had an adverse effect on the population growth of Euchlanis, but did not eliminate the rotifers. Of the two cladocerans, M. triserialis had a far more adverse effect on the population densities of E. dilatata as compared to A. glabra. E. dilatata also influenced the population growth of A. glabra and M. triserialis, the former being more adversely affected than the latter. When the egg ratios of E. dilatata were plotted as a function of population density, a significantly inverse relation was obtained only in treatments containing Chlorella but not for other treatments. Statistically the rate of population increase (r) per day of E. dilatata was adversely affected by the diet type and the presence of competing species. The interaction of diet type X competition was also significant. For A. glabra, the presence of E. dilatata and the diet type, but not their interaction, significantly influenced the r. On the other hand for M. triserialis, only the diet type was significant. Our results suggest that the competitive outcome between rotifers and cladocerans was dependent on diet type.     

三江平原东方白鹳种群现状与人工招引研究

20世纪60年代,三江平原是东方白鹳的主要繁殖区,但由于湿地开发、人为干扰使得东方白鹳的繁殖地不断缩小,繁殖种群数量明显减少。2004-2007年通过在三江平原开展大规模的东方白鹳人工招引和保护的实施措施,东方白鹳的繁殖种群已经明显回升。但部分地区对东方白鹳的了解和保护程度还不够,今后应该加强对该物种的宣传、研究和保护工作。     

Detecting temporal trends and environmentally-driven changes in the spatial distribution of bottom fishes and crabs on the eastern Bering Sea shelf

This study uses a 30-year time series of standardized bottom trawl survey data (1982–2011) from the eastern Bering Sea shelf to model patterns of summer spatial distribution for various bottom fishes and crabs in response to changes in the areal extent of the cold pool, time lag between surveys, and fluctuations in population abundance. This investigation is the first to include data for the 2006–2010 cold period and to use between-year comparisons of local and shelf-wide spatial indices to test specific responses to three different isothermal boundaries within the cold pool. Distributional shifts in population varied considerably among species and directional vectors for some species were greater in magnitude to the east or west than to the north or south; however, in general, eastern Bering Sea shelf populations shifted southward in response to the increasing cold pool size, and after accounting for differences in temperature and population abundance, there was still a temporal northward shift in populations over the last three decades despite the recent cooling trend. Model results for local and shelf-wide indices showed that survey time lag and cold pool extent had a greater effect on spatial distribution than population abundance, suggesting that density-independent mechanisms play a major role in shaping distribution patterns on the eastern Bering Sea shelf. The area enclosed by the 1 °C isotherm most commonly affects both local and shelf-wide spatial indices suggesting that 1 °C is a more important boundary for describing temperature preferences of eastern Bering Sea bottom fishes and crabs than is the 2 °C isotherm used for designating the physical boundary for the cold pool.     

Discordant patterns of genetic connectivity between two sympatric species,Mullus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Mullus surmuletus (Linnaeus, 1758), in south-western Mediterranean Sea

Population connectivity scales are important tools to achieve a mechanistic understanding of the factors regulating the abundance and distribution of marine populations and therefore support conservation actions to manage fisheries and stocks. We used 10 microsatellites markers on mullets' samples across the Spanish coast to determine the spatial scale of gene flow as well as the origin of post-larvae caught inside two MPAs. Population structure varied from complete homogeneity for Mullus barbatus, to high spatial variability in Mullus surmuletus samples. Differential habitat utilization by species, geomorphological features and oceanographic patterns are discussed as potential causes of patterns observed. Although we were unable to verify the origin of most post-larvae caught inside MPAs we suggest that they may act as genetic reservoirs due to high heterozigosity levels found in adult specimens inside (M. surmuletus) and nearby (both) them. Our results indicate that early life history traits (i.e. larvae) may not be the only determinant on species dispersal capability, suggesting that other mechanisms such as fine scale adult or juvenile movement may have been underestimated as promoting population connectivity.     

Monitored and modeled coral population dynamics and the refuge concept

With large-scale impacts on coral reefs due to global climatic change projected to increase dramatically, and suitability of many areas for reef growth projected to decrease, the question arises whether particular settings might serve as refugia that can maintain higher coral populations than surrounding areas. We examine this hypothesis on a small, local scale in Honduras, western Caribbean. Dense coral thickets containing high numbers of the endangered coral Acropora cervicornis occur on offshore banks while being rare on the fringing reef on nearby Roatán. Geomorphological setting and community dynamics were evaluated and monitored from 1996 to 2005. A model of population dynamics was developed to test assumptions derived from monitoring. Coral cover on the fringing reef declined in 1998 from >30% to <20%, but the banks maintained areas of very dense coral cover (32% cover by A. cervicornis on the banks but <1% on the fringing reef). Bathymetry from satellite images showed the banks to be well-separated from the fringing reef, making asexual connectivity between banks and fringing reef impossible but protecting the banks from direct land-runoff during storms. Exposure to SE tradewinds also causes good flushing. Only four A. cervicornis recruits were recorded on the fringing reef over 6 years. Runoff associated with hurricanes caused greater mortality than did bleaching in 1998 and 2005 on the fringing reef, but not on the banks. Since 1870, our analysis suggests that corals on the banks may have been favored during 17 runoff events associated with tropical depressions and storms and potentially also during five bleaching events, but this is more uncertain. Our model suggests that under this disturbance regime, the banks will indeed maintain higher coral populations than the fringing reef and supports the assumption that offshore banks could serve as refugia with the capacity to subsidize depleted mainland populations.