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91.
Qihang Wu Jonathan Y.S. Leung Nora F.Y. Tam Shejun Chen Bixian Mai Xizhen Zhou Lihua Xia Xinhua Geng 《Marine pollution bulletin》2014
Chinese government has taken various measures to alleviate pollution caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the region of Pearl River Delta since the economic reform in 1978, but the effectiveness of these measures remains largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the biological risk and pollution history of PAHs by measuring the concentrations of 28 PAHs in the surface and core sediments, respectively, in Nansha mangrove. Results found that the biological risk of PAHs was low without obvious spatial variation. The PAH concentration along the depth gradient indicated that PAH pollution was stabilized since the early 1990s while the source of PAHs has gradually changed from combustion of coal to petroleum products. This implied that the mitigation measures taken by the Chinese government were effective. Compared to marine bottom sediment, we propose that using mangrove sediment can provide a more accurate and precise estimate of pollution history of PAHs. 相似文献
92.
Benthic faunal structure and hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments were examined annually for 10 years (1989-1998) in Port Valdez, Alaska, where a near-bottom permitted discharge of treated tanker ballast waters containing residual petroleum has occurred since 1977. Measured concentrations of hydrocarbons in sediments near the discharge showed detectable increases in concentration, but on only one occasion were these increases either to levels exceeding ecotoxicological thresholds (Effects-Range Low, ER-L) or associated with alterations in the benthic community. Changes in faunal structure indicating disturbance were observed at one station near the discharge from 1995 to 1997 and were apparent as increased numbers of opportunistic taxa and anomalous trends in abundance and diversity. Minimum-effect (ME) hypotheses provided evidence of negligible to small effects on benthic infauna from disposal of treated ballast water. ME hypotheses have the potential to assist both researchers and managers by providing a tool to relate scientific results to ecological importance and decision criteria. 相似文献
93.
Thermogenic organic matter dissolved in the abyssal ocean 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
Formation and decay of thermogenic organic matter are important processes in the geological carbon cycle, but little is known about the fate of combustion-derived and petrogenic compounds in the ocean. We explored the molecular structure of marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) for thermogenic signatures in different water masses of the Southern Ocean. Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry via the Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance technique (FT-ICR-MS) revealed the presence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) dissolved in the abyssal ocean. More than 200 different PAHs were discerned, most of them consisting of seven condensed rings with varying numbers of carboxyl, hydroxyl, and aliphatic functional groups. These unambiguously thermogenic compounds were homogenously distributed in the deep sea, but depleted at the sea surface. Based on the structural information alone, petrogenic and pyrogenic compounds cannot be distinguished. Surface depletion of the PAHs and first estimates for their turnover rate (> 1.2 · 1012 mol C per year) point toward a primarily petrogenic source, possibly deep-sea hydrothermal vents, which is thus far speculative because the fluxes of combustion-derived and petrogenic matter to the ocean are not well constrained. We estimate that > 2.4% of DOM are thermogenic compounds, and their global inventory in the oceans is > 1.4 · 1015 mol C, significantly impacting global biogeochemical cycles. 相似文献
94.
Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons at low temperature in the presence of the dispersant Corexit 9500 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Our study examined the effects of Corexit 9500 and sediment on microbial mineralization of specific aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons found in crude oil. We also measured gross mineralization of crude oil, dispersed crude oil and dispersant by a marine microbial consortium in the absence of sediment. When provided as carbon sources, our consortium mineralized Corexit 9500 the most rapidly, followed by fresh oil, and finally weathered oil or dispersed oil. However, mineralization in short term assays favored particular components of crude oil (2-methyl-naphthalene > dodecane > phenanthrene > hexadecane > pyrene) and was not affected by addition of nutrients or sediment (high sand, low organic carbon). Adding dispersant inhibited hexadecane and phenanthrene mineralization but did not affect dodecane and 2-methyl-naphthalene mineralization. Thus, the effect of dispersant on biodegradation of a specific hydrocarbon was not predictable by class. The results were consistent for both high and low oiling experiments and for both fresh and weathered oil. Overall, our results indicate that environmental use of Corexit 9500 could result in either increases or decreases in the toxicity of residual oil through selective microbial mineralization of hydrocarbons. 相似文献
95.
Rossella Boscolo Federica Cacciatore Otello Giovanardi 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,55(10-12):485
Variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels was assessed in Tapes philippinarum from the Lagoon of Venice. Clams were transplanted from a polluted area next to Porto Marghera to two rearing areas of the Southern Lagoon. Analyses of PAHs were made in sediments and clams by GC/MS at first sampling and after 30, 60 and 180 days. Principal component analysis was performed to elucidate bioaccumulation and depuration pattern and input sources. Biota-Sediment-Accumulation-Factor (BSAF) was applied to evaluate the PAHs input sources from sediment. Condition index was calculated to compare the seasonal variation of clam tissue to PAHs levels. To propose results not affected by seasonal changes in flesh weight of clams, the approach based on the calculation of PAHs/SW index was applied. From the results, it was concluded that PAHs/SW index is more recommendable to asses temporal variation of PAHs levels in Manila clams. 相似文献
96.
Aliphatic alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM10 aerosols from Baoji, China: Implications for coal burning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mingjie Xie Gehui Wang Shuyuan Hu Qingyou Han Yajuan Xu Zhongchao Gao 《Atmospheric Research》2009,93(4):840-848
Normal alkanes and PAHs in atmospheric PM10 aerosols collected during 2008 winter and spring in Baoji, a mid-scale inland city of China, were determined on a molecular level. Concentrations of n-alkanes ranged from 232 to 3583 ng/m3 with an average of 1733 ng/m3 in winter and from 124 to 1160 ng/m3 with an average of 449 ng/m3 in spring, while PAHs in the PM10 samples were 594 ± 405 and 128 ± 82 ng/m3 in the two seasons. Molecular compositions showed that CPI (odd/even) values of n-alkanes were close to unity for all the samples especially in winter, and diagnostic ratios of PAHs (e.g., Phe/(Phe + Ant), CPAH/ΣPAHs and IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP)) were found similar to those in coal burning smoke with a strong linear relationship (R2 ≥ 0.85) between PAHs and fossil fuel derived n-alkanes, demonstrating that coal burning is the main source of n-alkanes and PAHs in the city, especially in winter due to house heating. Concentrations of the determined compounds in Baoji are much higher than those in Chinese mega-cities, suggesting that air pollution in small cities in the country is more serious and need more attention. 相似文献
97.
Role of a moderately halophilic bacterial consortium in the biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, and most high molecular weight PAHs cause mutagenic, teratogenic and potentially carcinogenic effects. While several strains have been identified that degrade PAHs, the present study is focused on the degradation of PAHs in a marine environment by a moderately halophilic bacterial consortium. The bacterial consortium was isolated from a mixture of marine water samples collected from seven different sites in Chennai, India. The low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs phenanthrene and fluorine, and the high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs pyrene and benzo(e)pyrene were selected for the degradation study. The consortium metabolized both LMW and HMW PAHs. The consortium was also able to degrade PAHs present in crude oil-contaminated saline wastewater. The bacterial consortium was able to degrade 80% of HMW PAHs and 100% of LMW PAHs in the saline wastewater. The strains present in the consortium were identified as Ochrobactrum sp., Enterobacter cloacae and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. This study reveals that these bacteria have the potential to degrade different PAHs in saline wastewater. 相似文献
98.
Saioa Elordui-Zapatarietxe Núria Moraleda Joan Albaigés 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(10):1667-1673
Spills from wrecks are a potential major source of pollution in the deep ocean. However, not much is known about the fate of a spill at several kilometers depth, beyond the oceans continental shelves. Here, we report the phase distribution of hydrocarbons released from the wrecks of the Prestige tanker, several years after it sank in November 2002 to depths between 3500 and 3800 m. The released oil reached the surface waters above the wrecks without any signs of weathering and leaving an homogenous signature throughout the water column. At depths of several kilometers below the sea surface, the occurrence and spread of the deep sea oil spill could be evaluated better by quantifying and characterizing the dissolved hydrocarbon signature, rather than just the investigation of hydrocarbons in the suspended particulate matter. 相似文献
99.
100.
This paper describes a computational model of digestive gland epithelial cells (digestive cells) of marine mussels. These cells are the major environmental interface for uptake of contaminants, particularly those associated with natural particulates that are filtered from seawater by mussels. Digestive cells show well characterised reactions to exposure to lipophilic xenobiotics, such as oil-derived aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs), which accumulate in these cells with minimal biotransformation. The simulation model is based on processes associated with the flux of carbon through the cell. Physiological parameters such as fluctuating food concentration, cell volume, respiration, secretion/excretion, storage of glycogen and lipid, protein/organelle turnover (autophagy/resynthesis) and export of carbon to other tissues of the mussel are all included in the model. The major response to AHs is induction of increased autophagy in these cells. Simulations indicate that the reactions to AHs and food deprivation correspond well with responses measured in vivo. 相似文献