红壤侵蚀区马尾松林碳储量估算的遥感植被指数选择——以长汀河田地区为例

以福建省长汀县河田地区为研究区,在野外样方生物量调查和典型植被光谱测定基础上,对比分析SPOT5影像8种植被指数与马尾松林（Pinus massoniana）碳储量关系,估算区域尺度马尾松林碳储量。结果表明,马尾松林冠层与林下植被芒萁（Dicranopteris dichotoma）在短波红外波段（SWIR）反射率区分明显。加入SWIR的修正的归一化植被指数（MNDVI）与森林碳储量回归决定系数最高,并有较小的均方根误差,同时可减少林下植被覆盖对马尾松林碳储量估算影响。生态恢复驱动下研究区平均碳储量增加到30.37 t/hm²。     

Simulated responses of Pinus halepensis forest productivity to climatic change and CO2 increase using a statistical model

Tree ring chronologies provide long-term records of growth in natural environmental conditions and may be used to evaluate impacts of climatic change and CO₂ increase on forest productivity. This study focuses on 21 Pinus halepensis forest stands in calcareous Provence (in the south-east of France). A chronology of net primary productivity (NPP) both for the 20th century and for each stand was estimated using tree ring data (width and density). The response of each stand to climate in terms of NPP was statistically modelled using response functions. Anomalies between estimated NPP and NPP reconstructed by response functions were calculated to evaluate the fertilising effect of CO₂ increase on tree growth. The changes in anomalies during the 20th century were attributed to the effect of CO₂ increase. A multiplying factor (β) linking CO₂ concentration and stand productivity was then calculated, on the basis of the trend observed during the 20th century. In this study, the value of the β factor obtained under natural conditions (β=0.50) is consistent with those from controlled CO₂ enrichment experiments. Both response functions and the β factor were used to predict NPP changes for a 2×CO₂ scenario. The 2×CO₂ climate was obtained using predictions from Météo France's ARPEGE atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) downscaled to Marseilles meteorological station. NPP increased significantly for nine stands solely when the climatic effect was taken into account. The main factors responsible for this enhancement were increased winter and early spring temperatures. When the fertilising effect of the CO₂ increase was added, NPP was significantly enhanced for 14 stands (i.e. NPP enhancement ranged from 8% to 55%). Although the effects of global change were slightly detectable during the 20th century, their acceleration is likely to lead to great changes in the future productivity of P. halepensis forests.     

树轮中不同有机组分的可迁移性:碳同位素限定

逐轮剥离所取中国红松(Pinuskoraiensis)树盘中最近34a(1958—1991年)的年轮,粉碎后皂化分离出正己烷可溶部分、二氯甲烷可溶部分(沥青质)、不可皂化部分和纤维素,分别测定这四种物质的稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C)。虽然最近18~21a期间,前两种物质的碳同位素组成年际变化明显,但与后两种物质的碳同位素组成的正相关均没有达到显著性水平。而18~21a之前所形成树轮的前两种物质的碳同位素组成在碳同位素分析总精度范围内(±0.1‰)不呈现年际变化;与之相反,不可皂化部分和纤维素的碳同位素组成具有明显的年际变化并且在任何阶段均呈现高度显著正相关(如r=0.978,n=34,p<0.001)。这表明可皂化类脂在树轮间是可迁移的,至少经过18~21a的不同年形成的类脂的混合,其碳同位素组成逐步均一化。因此,树轮可皂化类脂的碳同位素组成(恐怕也包括氢、氧同位素组成)不能用来解译过去气候变化,全木因为含有可皂化类脂也不宜作为稳定同位素分析的目标物质。     

黄土高原子午岭林区油松林种子雨强度及时空动态特征

通过布设种子收集器（接种框）,对黄土高原子午岭林区的油松密林、油松林缘和单株油松（孤立木）的种子雨强度、种子雨历时、种子散播的时空分布特征进行了分析研究。结果表明：（1）油松林内、林缘、孤立木输入地面的种子总量分别为85.5、191.5、178.0粒·m^-2,不同母树类型种子雨强度有明显差异;（2）油松种子降落从10月初开始,11月初结束,种子雨历时约32 d;种子雨在10 d左右达到峰值;（3）林内种子雨强度有较大的空间异质性,种子分布呈聚集分布格局（扩散系数C=33.618）;（4）种子雨过程中不同类型种子的消长趋势及所占比重不同,完整种子在种子雨初期占有优势,未成熟种子在种子雨后期急剧增加,而残缺种子在整个种子雨过程中占的比重变化不大,完整、未成熟和残缺种子累积总量与种子雨强度呈线性相关;（5）林缘和孤立木的种子雨集中在距母树1～3 m的冠幅范围内,这说明油松种子雨扩散以重力传播为主。     

雅鲁藏布江中游松属、冷杉属表土花粉对海拔的指示意义

通过雅鲁藏布江中游41个表土样品中松属和冷杉属花粉含量与当地松属、冷杉属植物群落分布高度的对比发现,松属花粉含量在50％～ 60％及以上的样品出现的海拔为2500～3200 m,这与当地高山松和华山松群系分布的海拔(2 200 ～3 500 m)一致,考虑到群落的覆盖度(50％～60％),认为松属含量50％～60％是一个可以指示松属植物群系分布高度的指标.冷杉属花粉含量超过60％(或50％)对应的海拔(3 500 ～4 200 m)与急尖长苞冷杉群系分布的海拔(3 300～4 300 m)亦是非常一致的,并且也能够很好的代表群落植被的覆盖度(50％ ～ 70％).此外,由于松属和冷杉属花粉产量和重量的差异,松属花粉更容易传播到高海拔地区,而冷杉属花粉则更多的降落在低于急尖长苞冷杉群系海拔分布的地区.     

赤红壤丘陵水土流失区马尾松纯林改造效益分析

马尾松纯林改造是当前植物生态和林业工作的一项迫切、重要的内容。经赤红壤丘陵水土流失区近６ 年的马尾松、红锥混交试验研究, 发现松、锥混交林在生长量、林地凋落物现存量、林地表层土壤养分含量和含水量、小气候环境, 以及林下植物物种多样性等方面均比纯松林有着明显的改善或提高, 不失为一种适宜南亚热带赤红壤丘陵水土流失区的优良混交形式, 建议在此类地区大力推广种植     

Paleophytochemical Constituents from the Pliocene Fossil Wood of Pinus Armandii from Longling, Yunnan

Specimens of fossil wood preserved lignified in Pliocene brown coal and identified as Pinus armandii Francher come from an opencust coalmine at Longling in western Yunnan Province,China. Phytochemical investigation of the fossil wood isolated using liquid column chromatography seven compounds(1-7)including a new fluorene derivative named 11,11-dimethyl-11H-benzo[b]fluorene.A further 28 volatiles were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Spectroscopic investigation methods,including MS and 1D and 2D-NMR techniques elucidated the structure of the seven compounds.Two types of natural products,isopimara and stilbene commonly occuring in extant and Plincene fossil P.armandii indicate phytochemical fidelity during burial under certain circumstances in sediments.Discovery of stilbenes that can inhibit the activities of wood-destroying fungi in the Pliocene P.armandii prompts the assumption that the chemical preservation of this Pliocene fossil wood of P.armandii in brown coal might contribute to the presence of inner natural inhibitors against wood-destroying fungi.     

Effects of Forest Types and Environmental Factors on Soil Microbial Biomass in a Coastal Sand Dune of Subtropical China

Coastal sand dune ecosystems generally have infertile soil with low water-holding capacity and high salinity. However, many plant species have adapted to the harsh sand environment along the southeastern coast of China. Studying the microbial biomass in such an ecosystem can improve our understanding of the roles that microbes play in soil fertility and nutrient cycling. We investigated the differences in soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) contents and their seasonal dynamics in five forest types (a secondary forest and plantations of Casuarinas, Pine, Acacia, and Eucalyptus). The results indicated that the seasonal variations of soil MBC and MBN contents in all five forest stands were higher in spring and winter, but lower in summer and autumn. The MBC content was lower in the Casuarinas plantation than in the other plantations in the same soil layer. However, no significant differences were observed in MBN contents among the different forest types. The MBC and MBN concentrations were positively correlated with soil moisture, but negatively correlated with soil temperature. The MBC and MBN contents also decreased with increasing soil depth. Across all soil layers, secondary forest had the highest MBC and MBN concentrations. Our study also showed that the MBC and MBN contents were positively affected by total soil carbon (TC), pH, and litter N content, but were negatively impacted by soil bulk density and litter C content. Moreover, the MBN content was positively correlated with root N content. In summary, environmental factors and the differences in litter and fine roots, soil nutrient contents, as well as the soil physical and chemical properties caused by different tree species collectively affected the concentrations of the soil MBC and MBN.     

1961-2003年黑龙江省主要树种的生态地理分布变化

 利用桑斯维特（Thonthwaite）的气候分类法和半峰宽（PWH）计算法,采用Kriging方法和地理信息系统（GIS）等技术,探讨了黑龙江省1961-2003年间气候变化对生态地理区域界限及当地森林主要树种分布的影响。结果表明：在气温升高的背景下,黑龙江省温带与暖温带的热量界限向北撤并东移,寒温带与温带的热量界限则大幅度北撤。同时,分布于大兴安岭的兴安落叶松、小兴安岭及东部山地的云冷杉和红松等树种的可能分布范围和最适分布范围均发生了北移。其中兴安落叶松分布总面积减少6.28万km2,云冷杉和红松分布面积均扩大1.57万km2。     

不同类型防护林中樟子松的构型特征分析

 影响植物枝系构型的因素有各级分枝长度、各级分枝角度、枝径比、逐步分枝率和总体分枝率等。采用枝系构型的理论和方法,对甘肃民勤不同类型防护林中樟子松的分枝构型特征进行研究。结果表明：①不同类型防护林中的樟子松分枝格局有较大的差异,主要表现在分枝长度、分枝率等变化明显;②不同类型防护林中樟子松在不同部位处的分枝格局也存在一定的差异性,劣势类型Ⅰ的中下部枝条占优势,优势类型Ⅱ、中间类型Ⅲ以中上部枝条占优势,而劣势类型Ⅰ的基部分枝角度大于其他两种类型的;③优势类型防护林中樟子松在距地面不同高度处的分枝长度、分枝角度随高度呈规律性变化,在不同高度处的枝系构型指标以中上部占优势,基部较弱;④通过分枝构型特征研究认为在干旱区营造樟子松防护林以杨树和樟子松株间混交效果较好,杨树与樟子松行间混交效果较差,樟子松纯林居中。