渤海区域地质信息管理系统数据模型

以渤海区域地质信息管理系统数据模型为例,阐述了基于GIS的海洋地学管理信息系统中数据的组织方法,包括数据分类、分层方案、命名及编码规则、空间数据库和属性数据库的建设以及两者之间的关系.通过设置基础表,解决了系统中说明性信息难以代码化的难题,并在此基础上设计了系统的数据模型.     

Quantitative estimation of petroleum prospect outcome probabilities: an overview of procedures

Estimation of prospect outcome probabilities in numerical form should be a central objective for petroleum geologists. Most numerical estimates of outcome probabilities represent subjective guesses. While the effectiveness of subjective procedures is difficult to gauge, several postmortem analyses suggest that subjective procedures are ineffective. Objective procedures for estimating outcome probabilities should yield much improved estimates. Objective procedures require that geological, geophysical and production data be organized so that geological and geophysical characteristics of prospects interpreted before they were drilled can be compared systematically with outcomes of prospects after they have been drilled. An example application that involves well data and an example application that involves seismic data demonstrate that objective procedures are simple in principle, but require organization of information in a form suitable for computation of frequencies, on which objective estimates of probabilities can be based.     

一门新兴的边缘科学——火山岩储层地质学

石油工业持续稳定的发展要求不断有效地寻找勘探新领域、新地区和新类型。随着国内外火山岩油气藏的发现，火山岩储层作为一种特殊的油气储层类型越来越受人们的重视。20世纪90年代末期，石油地质学中出现了一门生命力很强的边缘学科——火山岩储层地质学，其任务是深入研究火山岩油气储层的宏观展布、内部结构、储层参数分布、孔隙结构等特征以及在火山岩油气田开发过程中储层参数的动态变化特征，为油气田勘探和开发服务。其研究内容包括储层地质特征、储层物理性质及储层非均质性、储层孔隙类型与空隙结构、孔隙演化模式及其控制因素、储层地质模型、储层敏感性、储层预测与储层综合评价7个方面。     

加强海洋灾害地质学研究,减少海洋工程灾害

随着我国近海油气资源的开发及海洋工程的需要,海洋灾害地质学这一边缘学科正在我国兴起和迅速发展。本文对这一学科的研究对象、研究领域以及灾害地质因素分类进行了概述,并对海洋灾害地质学的特点与应用前景,进行了初步总结,最后对该学科的发展方向提出了积极建议。     

滨州市海岸带工程地质特征分析

根据该次工程地质调查和钻探工作取得的大量数据,结合收集的钻孔资料,对研究区土体工程地质层进行了系统研究,并依据地层沉积年代、成因类型、地层结构、工程力学性质,对研究区陆域地表以下,海底以下50m深度范围内的土层进行分层研究,并对各层工程地质特征进行了分析,对区内软土分布范围、饱和砂土液化进行了综合研究,为滨州海岸带港口及重大工程规划建设提供系统的基础地质资料和决策依据。     

AUSTRALIS: A new tool for the study of isotopic systems and geochronology in mineral systems

AUSTRALIS (AMS for Ultra Sensitive TRAce eLement and Isotopic Studies) is a microbeam accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) system designed for in situ microanalysis of geological samples for trace elements and radiogenic and stable isotope data. The AMS method eliminates molecular and isobaric interferences in in situ mass spectrometric measurements, opening up new opportunities in geochronology and tracer applications. Tests have been carried out for measurements of Pb, S and Os isotopes, conducted mainly at 1.5 MV accelerating voltage. In Pb and S tests, precision as high as 0.3‰ has been obtained, made possible by a fast isotope switching system to counter the effect of instabilities in the ion source and beam transport system. In trace‐element analysis, a detection limit for Au at the sub‐ppb level was obtained.     

Speculative petroleum systems of the southern Pelotas Basin,offshore Uruguay

The Pelotas Basin of Brazil and Uruguay represents a frontier basin with under-explored hydrocarbon potential. Although oil and gas accumulations have yet to be identified, only 21 exploratory wells have been drilled in an area of more than 330,000 km², 20 of which are located in the Brazilian portion of the basin. A detailed study of the petroleum system of offshore Uruguay has strong potential to contribute to a better characterization of the capacity of the basin to generate and accumulate hydrocarbons. Three stages have previously been recognized during the evolution of Pelotas basin: (1) a prerift phase which preserved Paleozoic and Mesozoic units of the Paraná Basin; (2) an Early Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary synrift phase; and (3) a Cretaceous to Cenozoic postrift phase deposited during the passive margin stage. In this study, we use sequence stratigraphy methodology to interpret 2D multichannel seismic sections of the southern segment of the Pelotas Basin in the Uruguayan Atlantic margin. This analysis allows us to identify depositional sequences, systems tracts and the distribution of the main elements of the potential petroleum systems. Following our analysis, we propose six speculative petroleum systems (SPS) in the Pelotas Basin. The first SPS is related to the prerift phase and is represented by a Lower Permian restricted marine source rock and reservoirs related to Permian to Upper Jurassic aeolian and fluvial sandstones. The second SPS corresponds to the synrift phase and is constituted by a Barremian lacustrine source rock with reservoirs of alluvial/fluvial sandstones of the same age. The other four proposed SPS are associated with the postrift phase, represented by marine source rocks related to Aptian-Albian, Cenomanian-Turonian and Paleocene transgressions, all of which are identified in the region and interpreted in seismic lines from Uruguay. These postrift SPS have predominantly siliciclastic reservoirs represented by Early Cretaceous aeolian sandstones and Cretaceous to Cenozoic deltaic sandstones and turbidites.     

MOC observations of four Mars year variations in the south polar residual cap of Mars

The residual south polar cap of Mars (RSPC) is distinct from the residual north polar cap both in composition and in morphology. CO₂ frost in the RSPC is stabilized by its high albedo during southern spring and summer despite the relatively large insolation during that period. The morphology of the RSPC in summer displays a bewildering variety of depressions that are formed in relatively thin layers of CO₂. The increase of the size of these depressions between each of the first three years of Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) observations may possibly signal some sort of climate change on the planet. For example, the erosion of the bright plateaus might reduce the RSPC albedo and affect the energy balance. The Mars Orbiter Cameras (MOC) on MGS observed Mars for four consecutive martian years before contact with the spacecraft was lost in late 2006. During this period coverage of the polar regions was particularly dense because MGS flew over them on every orbit. In this paper we report on the four-year behavior of the morphological features in the RSPC and on the large-scale variability in RSPC albedo over the period. The changes in the size of the surface features in the RSPC due to backwasting that were first observed between Mars years (MY) 24 and 25 and subsequently between MY25 and M26 was observed to continue at the same rate through MY 27. The results indicate that on average thicker layers in the RSPC retreat faster than thinner ones, roughly in proportion to their thickness. We argue that a simple difference in porosity between the A and B layers can explain this difference although other factors could be involved. The large-scale albedo of the RSPC decreases as the depressions are uncovered by sublimation of seasonal CO₂. However, any interannual differences in albedo due to the backwasting process are masked by interannual differences in the summer dust opacity in the RSPC region.     

垃圾卫生填埋衬垫系统工程地质研究的若干进展与问题

总结了衬垫材料、结构、渗滤液运移规律、污染质与岩土体的耦合关系等方面的研究进展,分析了中国城市卫生填埋衬垫系统在机理研究和工程实践中存在的问题。提出了衬垫系统的工程地质研究思路,将垃圾体、衬垫作为统一的人工地质体系统,利用工程地质学理论和研究方法,研究这一人工地质体系统在渗滤液、填埋气体等作用下的工程地质规律与特征及其与天然地质体之间的矛盾协调关系。     

Pleistocene Rhine–Thames landscapes: geological background for hominin occupation of the southern North Sea region

This paper links research questions in Quaternary geology with those in Palaeolithic archaeology. A detailed geological reconstruction of The Netherlands' south‐west offshore area provides a stratigraphical context for archaeological and palaeontological finds. Progressive environmental developments have left a strong imprint on the area's Palaeolithic record. We highlight aspects of landscape evolution and related taphonomical changes, visualized in maps for critical periods of the Pleistocene in the wider southern North Sea region. The Middle Pleistocene record is divided into two palaeogeographical stages: the pre‐Anglian/Elsterian stage, during which a wide land bridge existed between England and Belgium even during marine highstands; and the Anglian/Elsterian to Saalian interglacial, with a narrower land bridge, lowered by proglacial erosion but not yet fully eroded. The Late Pleistocene landscape was very different, with the land bridge fully dissected by an axial Rhine–Thames valley, eroded deep enough to fully connect the English Channel and the North Sea during periods of highstand. This tripartite staging implies great differences in (i) possible migration routes of herds of herbivores as well as hominins preying upon them, (ii) the erosion base of axial and tributary rivers causing an increase in the availability of flint raw materials and (iii) conditions for loess accumulation in northern France and Belgium and the resulting preservation of Middle Palaeolithic sites. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.