富拉尔基浅层水平井钻井技术应用分析

齐齐哈尔富拉尔基油田拥有丰富的浅层稠油资源,油藏埋深浅,油层薄,由于地面条件限制不能采用直井开发,长城钻探工程有限公司钻井三公司在该区块施工了7口浅层水平井。浅层水平井钻井因地面与目的层距离短,钻井完井过程中面临一些特定的技术难题。针对施工难点进行分析,从钻具组合设计、地质导向技术和钻井液优化设计三方面出发,实现安全优质高效钻井。     

加强科技创新能力 服务经济社会发展——河南省深部探矿工程技术研究中心创新工作回顾与展望

“十二五”期间,河南省深部探矿工程技术研究中心根据专业学科特点和环境资源新形势,紧密结合生产实际,围绕“加强科技创新能力,服务经济社会发展”的思路和原则,积极开展系列自主创新活动。将空气潜孔锤、气举反循环、孔底螺杆马达、石油钻井、液动潜孔锤、绳索取心等技术根据地层特点进行组合,实现了多工艺钻探技术。在国家应急抗旱救灾、地热清洁能源勘查、复杂地层钻探和钻探相关标准化建设等方面取得了显著成效。结合环境形势和地质工作新常态、利用大地质理念提出了民生地质（工业地质、农业地质、灾害地质、医学地质、新能源地质等）新概念和“十三五”钻探工作的新思路。     

北京地质大厦景观石的地质特征

北京地貌呈现"北京湾"特征,北山产铁,西山产煤,平原产地热。地质大厦院内东侧花坛摆放代表地球从老到新5个代(宙)的岩石,西侧花坛摆放阳坊花岗岩,体现了地质学为首都城市发展的贡献。太古代密云岩群表壳岩铁矿曾为首钢铁矿的主要原料,元古代雾迷山组汉白玉大理岩曾用于古都北京的建设,古生代马家沟组石灰岩中流出了优质饮用水,中生代窑坡组煤矿使西山成为中国地质工作的摇篮,新生代马兰黄土是中国最早研究的黄土,中生代形成的阳坊花岗岩曾用于北京1959年十大建筑的基石。     

Geologically constrained changes to landforms caused by human activities in the 20th century: A case study from Fukuoka Prefecture,Japan

Human activity has been recognized to be an important geomorphic agent, and the resulting changes to landforms and land cover are regarded as a global problem. Although there has been much research into the relationships between geomorphic processes and types of land use such as agriculture, mining, and urbanization, it is important to clarify spatiotemporal human impacts on topography on a regional scale when predicting future changes in land cover.This study examined changes in land use to clarify the distribution and impact of anthropogenic changes to landforms, as well as the influence of geology on the extent of these changes. In a case study from Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, changes in land use over the last century were analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS). The study area, which covers approximately 4930 km², has experienced urban development since 1950 and has a current population of over 5 million. Land use data were prepared using paper-based early editions of topographic maps. Subsequently, the distribution of anthropogenic landforms was evaluated by comparing landforms with regional geological data.GIS analysis using our prepared land use data, landform data, and regional geological data has clarified the following characteristics of the study area. (1) Land uses prior to 1950 were constrained by topographic relief. After 1950, land use was characterized by urban sprawl. Urban areas expanded and contained both higher elevations and steeper slopes at their margins. The relationships between land uses and landforms during this urbanization are unclear. (2) The area of urban land increased in the geological regions with Paleogene sedimentary rocks (PSD) and Mesozoic granitic rocks (GR) during the 20th century. The largest coal mining area in Japan was located in the PSD geological regions, and ancient iron working was common in the GR geological regions, particularly during the 7th century. This result indicates that the land use distribution, especially urban areas in sloping terrain, is related to the regional geology. (3) Deforestation related to land use resulted in steeper terrain in forest land in the PSD and GR geological regions. These changes to landforms in forest areas occurred as a result of rapid urban sprawl and have created many new boundaries between forest areas with steeper slopes and urban areas with gentler slopes. This phenomenon may have caused an increase in the frequency of sediment-related disasters.This case study indicates that predictions of anthropogenic changes to landform, which are important for the assessment of global climate change and natural hazards, must clarify the relationships between land uses, landforms, and regional geology.     

华北地区NNW向断裂的现代活动性特征

本文根据华北地区NNW向断裂对海岸线方向，地貌现象，温泉地热异常和微震震中的控制作用，特别是根据NNW向断裂在华北地区地震活动中的表现，阐述了华北地区NNW向断裂的现代活动性特征，并且认为地震监测中NNW向断裂是一组应予以重视的现代活动性断裂。     

Forecasting rates of hydrocarbon discoveries in a changing economic environment

A method is presented for the estimation of undiscovered oil and gas resources in partially explored areas where economic truncation has caused some discoveries to go unreported; therefore distorting the relationship between the observed discovery size distribution and the parent or ultimate field size distribution. The method is applied to the UK's northern and central North Sea provinces. A discovery process model is developed to estimate the number and size distribution of undiscovered fields in this area as of 1983. The model is also used to forecast the rate at which fields will be discovered in the future. The appraisal and forecasts pertain to fields in size classes as small as 24 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE). Estimated undiscovered hydrocarbon resources of 11.79 billion BOE are expected to be contained in 170 remaining fields. Over the first 500 wildcat wells after 1 January 1983, the discovery rate in this areas is expected to decline by 60% from 15 million BOE per wildcat well to six million BOE per wildcat well.     

Fault linkage patterns and their control on the formation of the petroleum systems of the Erlian Basin, Eastern China

Fault linkage patterns in rift basins are very common. While the process of fault linkage may be very short, it changes sedimentation patterns before and after linkage and controls the development of half-grabens. The propagation and growth of boundary faults can be divided into a simple fault propagation pattern and a fault growth-linkage pattern. Based on structural style, sedimentation patterns and oil-source correlations in the Erlian Basin, three types of grabens and petroleum systems can be identified. The Abei graben is controlled by a single boundary fault and forms an independent petroleum system. The Saihantala graben is controlled by several linked faults, which also has an independent petroleum system. The Wuliyasitai Depression controlled by two boundary fault segments which results in two petroleum systems. As not all half-grabens develop one petroleum system; they may, therefore, have two or more systems. The relay ramps between fault segments before linkage are the locations of deposition of sands and conglomerates, and consequently, are the focus areas for stratigraphic–lithologic trap exploration.     

台西盆地新生界油气地质勘探与开发

台西盆地是我国投入工作量较少和在盆地西部(海峡中心线以西)油气勘探工作程度较低的地区；但是在盆地东部(包括海峡中心线以东和台湾陆地地区)已经有相当的油气发现。通过对海峡两岸油气地质与周边区域地质构造的调查研究和二维地震剖面分析表明，台西盆地是直接遭受菲律宾海板块俯冲作用和台湾地体独特弧陆碰撞构造作用影响的含油气盆地。碰撞岛孤前锋与岛弧带地震活动频繁，严重破坏了盆地原型的地质构造特征。台西盆地早期为断陷盆地性质，晚期为典型岛孤后盆地性质，构造区划为东西两个坳陷带发育四凹两凸。中新生代沉积盆地表现为典型下部断陷型和上部坳陷型盆地结构，最大沉积厚度8000～10000m，沉积主洼形态较好，晚—早第三纪是盆地主要的勘探目的层系。     

NEW RESULTS OF THE CHINA/KOREA JOINT STUDY ON OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE YELLOW SEA

lCo~nofthe"booarePhicAtheoftheYthewsa"TheOceanographicAtlasoftheYellowSeahasbeencompiledbyChineseandKoreanscientistsbasedmainlyondataobtainedbyl992surveysandthoseaccumu-latedduringthepastyears,particularlythoseofl958-l988inphysicaloceanography,aswel1asthoseobtainedbytheChinesesideintheperiodl958-l959inmarinecheAnstryandbiology,andnewdataofrecenttenyearsinfisheryproductionbybothcountries-TheAtlasconsistsof5mainparts:(l)Marinegeologychartset,(2)Physicaloceanographychartset,(3)Marinechendst…     

Restoration of oiled mussel beds in Prince William Sound, Alaska

Natural loss of hydrocarbons was often low from mussel (Mytilus trossulus) beds (which were typically not cleaned after the Exxon Valdez oil spill), thus this habitat remained a long-term source of oil. Consequently, experimental restoration of nine contaminated beds was attempted in 1994; mussels were removed, contaminated surface sediment was replaced (33 metric tons), and original mussels were returned. Hydrocarbon concentrations and mussel populations were monitored for 5 years thereafter. Post-restoration mussel population fluctuations were indistinguishable from regional changes. Increased short-term oil loss was apparent, but long-term (5 year) improvement was equivocal and difficult to distinguish from natural losses. By 1999, oil concentrations in mussels were typically at baseline levels in restored and oiled reference beds; concentrations in replaced sediment were elevated in one third of restored beds, indicating recontamination from underlying or surrounding sediment. Our results suggest mussel relocation is feasible but suggest oil might more effectively be removed from sediment mechanically or chemically than manually.