Paleoenvironments, organic petrology and Rock-Eval studies on source rock facies of the Lower Maastrichtian Patti Formation, southern Bida Basin, Nigeria

The southern Bida Basin in central Nigeria forms a part of the larger Bida or Middle Niger Basin, which is contiguous with the south east trending (petroliferous) Anambra Basin. These basins were major depocenters for Campanian–Maastrichtian sediments in southern and central Nigeria prior to the build up of the Tertiary Niger delta. The successions in the southern Bida Basin consist of the basal Lokoja Formation, overlain by the Patti Formation and capped by the Agbaja Formation. The Lokoja Formation is a sequence of matrix supported conglomerates and sandstones overlying the Pre-Cambrian to Lower Paleozoic basement. Depositional environments are predominantly within fluvial systems of a continental setting. The Patti Formation consists of dark grey carbonaceous shales; mudstone and siltstones representing flood plains to shallow marine deposits with likely organic rich intervals. The overlying Agbaja Formation is made up of ferruginised oolitic and kaolinitic mudstone of a marginal marine environment. Twenty samples of shales of the Patti Formation were studied by incident light microscopy and geochemical analysis to determine the maceral components, geochemical type and potential yield of the pyrolysate. Maceral analysis indicate a large abundance of vitrinite (50–85%; mean = 66%); moderate abundance of liptinites (10–33%; mean = 18%) and lesser amounts of inertinite (9–40%; mean = 16%). Total organic carbon (TOC) values vary from 0.17 to 3.8 wt.% (mean = 2.1 wt.%) with most samples having greater than 2 wt.% TOC. Three of the samples yield greater than 2 kg_(HC)/ton of rock suggesting a fair source rock potential. Most of the samples are thermally immature to marginally mature with vitrinite reflectance ranging from 0.4 to 0.6% R_om and T_max values of 407–426 °C. Given the prevalence of the humic Type III kerogen, maturity and hydrocarbon potential yields, we conclude that the Patti Formation source rock facies have moderate to fair potential for gaseous hydrocarbons which have not yet been generated at the present day outcrop levels but could be important gas source where buried down-dip.     

中国西部复杂叠合盆地油气成藏研究进展与问题

中国西部复杂叠合盆地富集了中国45%左右的剩余油气资源,目前探明率不到20%,发展潜力巨大。近20年来的基础理论研究表明,中国西部复杂叠合盆地具有“多期构造变革、多套生储盖组合、多旋回油气成藏、多次调整改造”的油气地质特征,大油气田的形成和分布受“古隆起迁移、烃源灶演化、区域盖层发育、构造平衡带叠合”四大要素的控制,在此基础上提出了“多元复合—过程叠加”的成藏模式和有利勘探区预测方法,为塔里木盆地的油气勘探进一步指明了方向。除四大要素外,复杂油气藏的形成和分布还受“圈闭发育分布”、“储层发育分布”、“优势通道形成演化”、“运聚动力条件”及其相互耦合关系的控制,在已有成果的基础上进一步开展“复杂油气藏形成演化机制与分布规律”的基础研究,对于进一步提高钻探成效和发展叠合盆地油气勘探理论具有重大的现实意义。      

深水内波、内潮汐沉积类型及其油气意义

深水内波、内潮汐沉积可归纳为水道型和非水道型两种基本沉积类型。水道型沉积常发育双向递变层序和单向递变层序,单砂层较厚,它不仅是油气的良好储层,而且常与深水重力流沉积和深水背景泥岩沉积一起构成有利的地层或岩性圈闭,应当列为深水沉积区油气勘探的重点目标。非水道型深水内波、内潮汐沉积一般发育由砂泥频繁薄互层所构成的对偶层双向递变层序和对偶层单向递变层序,单砂层很薄,油气勘探意义可能不大。广泛分布的大型沉积物波(分为粗、细粒两种)和水道口附近的内潮汐砂坝,是两种比较特殊的内波、内潮汐沉积建造。根据现有研究实例和沉积成因水流理论分布范围等,建立了深水内波、内潮汐综合沉积模式。     

断层研究在地震安全性评价和石油勘探工作中的对比分析

对比分析了地震安全性评价和石油勘探中,断层研究的内容和方法。两者研究内容都包括断层活动时代、位置、规模、产状、性质等,但地震安全性评价更关注断层在地表和浅层的状况,活动时代等;石油勘探更关注较深处断层的状况,能否形成断块圈闭是主要研究内容。研究方法都包括地质露头调查、重力、地磁、地震勘探、钻井等。     

浙西康山可燃有机岩矿脉的实质与成因

对浙江西部康山可燃有机岩矿脉的镜下观察与煤，石油沥青的热模拟产物的对比，稳定碳同位素，生物标志物，微量元素的分析对比，以及大量陆源碎屑物和自生矿的的存在，确定这种可燃有机岩矿脉的实质是腐泥质盆煤－无烟煤，而非石油衍生物，不属于经过运移的石油沥青；综合区域地质条件，矿脉产状和分析数据对比，再次确认其来源为下寒武统荷塘组腐泥煤。     

Response Surface Analysis to Improve Dispersed Crude Oil Biodegradation

In this research, the bioremediation of dispersed crude oil, based on the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus supplementation in the closed system, was optimized by the application of response surface methodology and central composite design. Correlation analysis of the mathematical‐regression model demonstrated that a quadratic polynomial model could be used to optimize the hydrocarbon bioremediation (R² = 0.9256). Statistical significance was checked by analysis of variance and residual analysis. Natural attenuation was removed by 22.1% of crude oil in 28 days. The highest removal on un‐optimized condition of 68.1% were observed by using nitrogen of 20.00 mg/L and phosphorus of 2.00 mg/L in 28 days while optimization process exhibited a crude oil removal of 69.5% via nitrogen of 16.05 mg/L and phosphorus 1.34 mg/L in 27 days therefore optimization can improve biodegradation in shorter time with less nutrient consumption.     

我国不同赋存状态烃类气体的研究现状与展望

不同赋存状态烃类气体（包括游离的天然气、吸附气、酸解气、水溶气和油溶气）研究对于烃源岩评价、天然气成因判识、油气复合关系研究，油气源对比和油气勘探均具有十分重要的理论和应用价值。我国经过“六五”、“七五”和“八五”期间组织天然气地学攻关，在该领域内取得了较大进展。综述了我国不同赋存状态烃类气体的研究现状，分析了研究中存在的几个问题，并展望了其理论和应用前景。     

某石油类污染场地地下水石油烃生物降解的地球化学证据

生物降解地下水石油烃会改变地下水环境的水化学组成,因此可以通过分析污染晕中电子受体、生物降解代谢产物以及重要的地球化学参数量值变化获得生物降解的地球化学证据。本次在对某石油污染场地地质、水文地质条件、污染源污染方式调查基础上,根据地下水样测试结果,详细分析了地下水石油烃污染分布特征、污染晕中指示生物降解作用的电子受体、代谢产物以及重要地球化学参数的空间变化规律,研究结果表明:污染场地内存在氧还原、硝酸盐还原、硫酸盐还原等生物降解作用,其中硫酸盐还原是污染场地地下水石油烃生物降解的优势反应; 在沿地下水流向上,TPH浓度、HCO₃^-浓度和碱度逐渐降低,Eh、电子受体(DO、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-)浓度逐渐升高; 在垂直于地下水流向上,从中心向两侧各组分也呈相似的变化规律。     

柯东构造带柯东段中新世以来两期构造变形与油气成藏

昆仑山前柯东构造带油气勘探潜力大,但其地下复杂构造制约着本区油气勘探。综合最新钻井、地震、非地震及野外露头资料,对柯东构造带柯东段进行构造建模研究,认为柯东段构造变形为两期,早期为圈闭形成期,与断层相关褶皱发育;晚期为调整期,高角度断层发育。两期构造变形作用控制着本区油气成藏、调整过程。