田吉兹、尤罗勃钦碳酸盐岩油气田石油地质考察及对塔里木盆地寻找大油气田的启示和建议

概略介绍了哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯石油天然气生产近况,详细考察了哈萨克斯坦田吉兹油田和俄罗斯尤罗勃钦油气田的石油地质条件,包括油气田基本面貌、地质构造背景、烃源岩、储层、盖层、成藏等特点。两油气田均处于海相克拉通盆地长期发育的古隆起上,年代古老(8亿年前),具有大面积分布和一定厚度的有机碳含量为1%～2%的泥质岩、泥质碳酸盐岩作为生油层;碳酸盐岩储层特性因受潜山风化作用而变好;均有巨厚盐层作优质盖层;两油气田均多期成藏,早期油藏因遭破坏而形成大量固体沥青,但后期油气仍得以大量保存。最新观点认为,不含泥质的纯碳酸盐岩有机质含量很低,不能作为有效生油层。针对塔里木盆地寻找大油气田的目标和勘探实际,论及石油地质考察后九方面的启发,提出三方面的建议和塔里木碳酸盐岩地质研究要攻关的五个难题。     

A new thermal extraction protocol to evaluate liquid rich unconventional oil in place and in-situ fluid chemistry

Assessing oil in place and the proportion of oil that is producible are two critical measurements in evaluating liquid rich unconventional well and play economics. Current methodologies to evaluate Oil-In-Place (OIP) include log calculated estimates, petroleum systems charge modeling, and direct geochemical measurements.The standard open system programmed pyrolysis method has been modified to remove a broader range of thermally extracted free and adsorbed hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons in liquid rich unconventional plays. The added isotherms with a relatively low temperature start results in additional free hydrocarbon S1 peaks. The extra S1 peaks are used to assist in evaluating in-situ hydrocarbon quality. Examination of as received and post solvent extracted programmed pyrolysis data from replicate samples indicates a significant amount of solvent extractable free hydrocarbon is not captured in the S1 and rolls over into the S2 peak. This observation suggests the S1 peak may not represent total oil in place less evaporative losses.This paper examines a new multi-step high resolution on-column thermal extraction system to provide an inexpensive screening tool to map zones of higher in place oil and evaluate chemical characteristics which can be used to assist in estimating productivity. The thermal extraction unit is coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) by a short uncoated capillary column to generate a high resolution thermal extraction profile (thermogram) with four temperature fractions. The area under each thermal peak provides direct measurements of volatized hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds. Examination of individual compounds within each thermal fraction demonstrates multi-step thermal extraction is not a simple fractional distillation but also is impacted by inorganic and organic interactions. If we assume each thermal fraction represents oil compounds with increased complexity, then one can use peak area ratios to estimate in-situ fluid make-up and the proportion of in-situ oil that can be considered producible with completions enhancement.     

塔北隆起轮东斜坡带断层特征与油气关系

古生界走滑断层及中新生界继承性正断层是轮东斜坡带最主要断裂构造类型.在新三维地震资料解释基础上,研究分析该区断层特征、成因及演化,探讨其石油地质意义.结果表明,该区古生界走滑断层切面上具形迹丰富、共轭、雁列构造特征,中新生界正断层密集发育.剖面上走滑断层具断面陡直,中新生界正断层呈花状构造特点,并具典型“海豚效应”和“丝带效应”.受区域剪切作用形成的挤压应力场影响,区内走滑断层形成于海西中晚期,并在中新生界长期继承性活动,形成花状构造.该断层对区内石油运聚及再分布具重要影响,它控制了轮东斜坡带寒武—奥陶系地层构造样式,改善了寒武—奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层储层储集性能,提高了岩溶发育程度,从而影响着区内油气成藏和油气分布特征.     

楚雄盆地含油气系统分析及勘探目标选择

楚雄盆地是在扬子板块西南大陆边缘上发育起来的晚三叠世－早白垩世前陆盆地与晚白垩世－第三纪陆内湖盆叠置的构造－沉积残留盆地。     

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Different Methods for the Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater by Determining the Petroleum Hydrocarbon Content

The effectiveness of different remediation procedures for decreasing the amount of TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbons) in contaminated groundwater was evaluated at the site of a former refinery. The investigations were carried out on samples taken from several gravel based HSSF (horizontal subsurface flow) constructed wetlands (CW) which differed in relation to their filter material additives (no additive, charcoal, and ferric oxides additives) and examined the potential effect of these additives on the overall treatment efficiency. Samples of the following gravel based HSSF CW were investigated. No filter additive (system A), 0.1% activated carbon (system B), 0.5% iron(III) hydroxide (system C), and the reference (system D). Systems A–C were planted with common reed (Phragmites australis), whereas system D remained unplanted. In addition, the influence of seasonal conditions on the reduction of these hydrocarbons and the correlation between the amounts of TPH and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers), on the one hand, and methyl tert‐butyl ether, on the other, was investigated. The study was carried out by using a modified GC‐FID approach and multivariate methods. The investigations carried out in the first year of operation demonstrated that the effectiveness of the petroleum hydrocarbon removal was highest and reached a level of 93 ± 3.5% when HSSF filters with activated carbon as a filter additive were used. This remediation method allowed the petroleum hydrocarbon content to be reduced independently of seasonal conditions. The correlation between the reduction of TPH and BTEX was found to be R = 0.8824. Using this correlation coefficient, the time‐consuming determination of the BTEX content was no longer necessary.     

The petroleum geology of the Unst Basin, North Sea

The Unst Basin is situated in the northern North Sea between the East Shetland Basin and the Shetland Isles. The basin is essentially a three-armed, Permo-Triassic fault-controlled basin containing up to 3600 m of red-beds. This is overlain by a westerly thickening Jurassic and early Cretaceous sequence, the stratigraphy of which is very similar to that of the East Shetland Basin. In particular, the Brent Group (140 m), Humber Group (685 m) and Cromer Knoll Group (300 m) are well represented.As a result of Laramide uplift of the area, the thick Upper Cretaceous and Palaeocene strata of the East Shetland Basin are absent from the Unst Basin. This uplift resulted in substantial erosion within the Unst Basin providing the major source for Palaeocene sands in the Viking Graben and the Faeroes Basin. Late Palaeocene and younger Tertiary strata transgress westwards across this erosion surface.Petroleum exploration within the basin culminated in the drilling of two exploration wells. These wells encountered potential reservoir and source rocks in the Jurassic section. However, geochemical analyses indicate these source rocks are immature for hydrocarbon generation within the Unst Basin. It is concluded that the Unst Basin has a low petroleum potential.     

晚印支期以来中国南方大陆的构造演化与油气分布

中国南方大陆于中三叠世末的印支期结束海相沉积历史,进入陆内构造演化阶段。中一新生代发生显著的陆内造山与板内变形,并存在三种不同的造山与变形机制:晚印支期—早燕山期为发生于陆—陆或弧—陆之间的碰撞造山,伴生形成一批前陆盆地;中燕山期为发生于板内的基底拆离隆升造山和板内递进变形,伴生形成山前、山间磨拉石盆地;晚燕山期—喜马拉雅期为大陆蠕散、壳幔隆升而引起的基底隆升剥离造山和伸展变形,伴生形成大型陆内裂谷盆地。晚印支期以来的构造作用在平面上表现为由老至新、自强而弱的递进推覆序列,根据变形强度的差异可划分为 A、B、C、D 四个变形带,它们对海相油气的影响也由强而弱。处于 A、B 两个变形带的海相油气系统已遭受强烈的破坏;有利的勘探领域为处于 C、D 两个变形带的地区、前陆盆地掩覆的海相系统以及板缘推覆构造带掩覆的“影子盆地”。中一新生代前陆层序和大型裂谷盆地亦具广阔的油气勘探前景。     

赤道几内亚里奥穆尼盆地石油地质特征及勘探方向

位于赤道几内亚的里奥穆尼盆地是裂谷盆地与被动大陆边缘盆地叠加的中-新生代复合型含油气盆地.盆地的构造演化经历了裂谷期、过渡期和漂移期三个阶段.盆地地层以过渡期盐岩层为界,盐下为裂谷期层序,盐上为漂移期层序.盆地生储盖组合可以划分为上、中、下三套,中组合最为有利.盐下裂谷期圈闭类型以断块圈闭和背斜圈闭为主,盐上漂移期以盐...     

评述异常压力研究中的石油地质学新思想

在对异常压力的认识不断深化的过程中,凝结出许多新的概念和思想,为现代石油地质学理论注入了新的内容。关于超压生成与有机质成熟-生烃的关系虽有争议,但大多数主张超压对有机质成熟和生烃起抑制作用;在超压的背景下,生烃、排烃以及烃类的运移和聚集常呈现出幕式的特征;压力驱动是流体活动和油气运移的重要动力;动态运移通道是油气运移的新型通道;通常压力过渡带是油气聚集的有利场所;在超压的含油气盆地中,可能发现的非传统油气聚集有异常压力的气饱和封存箱、水力破裂-泥岩裂缝油气藏、烃水倒置的油气藏等。异常压力的储层具有相对独立性。