当阳复向斜上组合生烃潜力及其含油气系统

当阳复向斜上组合存在志留系、二叠系及下三叠统三套烃源层，以碳酸盐岩及泥质岩为主。以志留系底部厚约５０ｍ的黑色页岩生油条件最好，在王家湾剖面有机碳含量平均达３．７７％；次为二叠系碳酸盐岩，全区有机碳平均含量为０．３６％。干酪根碳同位素特征和扫描电特征均显示该区烃源岩母质类型主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型。有机质热演化程度普遍较高，应以天然气勘探为主。利用“二维源岩评价系统”软件进行了盆地模拟，三套烃源层的累积生烃     

Pb-Sr-Nd同位素体系在石油地球化学中的应用

介绍了90年代以来Pb-Sr-Nd同位素石油地球化学中的最新应用情况,由于它们在石油物源的判别及年龄测定方面的优势,正越来越引起各国科学家及产业部门的高度重视。     

东海的地质与油气勘探

东海的地质研究和油气勘探已经历了三个阶段:1.利用综合地球物理方法（重力、磁力、地震反射）,阐明东海的大地构造分区及其演化;2.反射地震研究得出东海陆架盆地的新生代构造图;3.在此基础上,详细地震勘探与地震地层学研究,确定出一系列钻探井位。钻探发现油气显示和工业油气流。其中,新钻井灵峰一井展示出寻找油气资源的新课题。     

基于杂草植物的石油烃污染土壤生态修复

在过去的几十年内,人们在致力于采用合适的原位修复技术以加速对现有人为污染的石油烃的降解与净化方面做了大量工作。至今,原位植物修复,即采用高等植物去除、稳定、降解和／或代谢有毒有害污染物的方法,已经成为对石油烃污染环境治理修复的具有前途的新兴技术。杂草植物由于具有大量的纤维根系和极为强壮的特征,因其有助于穿透污染土壤而建立一个强大的根际圈,进而在植物修复方面一般表现为巨大的潜力。本综述首先对石油烃污染土壤实施植物修复所涉及的一些重要机制,包括植物积累、植物稳定、植物降解、植物挥发和根际降解作用,进行了概述和探讨。近年来,在进一步促进石油烃污染土壤的植物修复效率方面,改进并研制了相当数量的实验方法。此外,来自实验研究结果的成功给予研究人员以极大的鼓励,尤其促使人们在田间尺度上实施石油烃污染土壤的植物修复方面做了一些有益的尝试。然而,所有这些工作均存在着诸多局限和困难,有待我们去克服,从而使我们的研究从实验室的尺度发展到田间的应用上。     

Estimating the Depth of Stratigraphic Units from Marine Seismic Profiles Using Nonstationary Geostatistics

The object of this study is to build a three-dimensional (3D) geometric model of the stratigraphicunits of the margin of the Rhone River on the basis of geophysical investigations by a networkof seismic profiles at sea. The geometry of these units is described by depth charts of eachsurface identified by seismic profiling, which is done by geostatistics. The modeling starts bya statistical analysis by which we determine the parameters that enable us to calculate thevariograms of the identified surfaces. After having determined the statistical parameters, wecalculate the variograms of the variable Depth. By analyzing the behavior of the variogramwe then can deduce whether the situation is stationary and if the variable has an anisotropicbehavior. We tried the following two nonstationary methods to obtain our estimates: (a) Themethod of universal kriging if the underlying variogram was directly accessible. (b) Themethod of increments if the underlying variogram was not directly accessible. After havingmodeled the variograms of the increments and of the variable itself, we calculated the surfacesby kriging the variable Depth on a small-mesh estimation grid. The two methods then arecompared and their respective advantages and disadvantages are discussed, as well as theirfields of application. These methods are capable of being used widely in earthsciences forautomatic mapping of geometric surfaces or for variables such as a piezometricsurface or aconcentration, which are not stationary, that is, essentially, possess a gradient or a tendencyto develop systematically in space.     

Toxicity data for modeling impacts of oil components in an Arctic ecosystem

Ecological impact assessment modeling systems are valuable support tools for managing impacts from commercial activities on marine habitats and species. The inclusion of toxic effects modeling in these systems is predicated on the availability and quality of ecotoxicology data. Here we report on a data gathering exercise to obtain toxic effects data on oil compounds for a selection of cold-water marine species of fish and plankton associated with the Barents Sea ecosystem. Effects data were collated from historical and contemporary literature resources for the endpoints mortality, development, growth, bioaccumulation and reproduction. Evaluating the utility and applicability of these data for modeling, we find that data coverage is limited to a sub-set of the required endpoints. There is a need for new experimental studies for zooplankton focused on the endpoints development and bioaccumulation and for larvae and juvenile fish focused on growth and development.     

油气幕式成藏及其驱动机制和识别标志

连续稳态流动和周期性(幕式)瞬态流动是沉积盆地流体的 2种流动方式。幕式流体流动是压力和应力的作用引起地层周期性破裂或断裂、先存裂隙周期性开启的结果。幕式成藏是沉积盆地中油气与地层水组成的混相、不连续流体的多期次充注/聚集过程,超压顶界面附近、底辟和深断裂附近是幕式成藏的有利场所。与油气稳态连续聚集过程相比,幕式成藏更快,大 中型油气田可在较短的时间内形成,根据传统模式难以成藏的年轻圈闭可成为有效的勘探目标。幕式流体流动的主要特征是流体成份和流动过程的不连续性、流体流动过程中温度、压力的快速变化及流体流动的多期性和周期性。流体的时空非均质性、流体流动的瞬态温度响应和运移相态分异及其揭示的多期流体相互作用是幕式成藏的有效识别标志。     

Quantitative estimation of petroleum prospect outcome probabilities: an overview of procedures

Estimation of prospect outcome probabilities in numerical form should be a central objective for petroleum geologists. Most numerical estimates of outcome probabilities represent subjective guesses. While the effectiveness of subjective procedures is difficult to gauge, several postmortem analyses suggest that subjective procedures are ineffective. Objective procedures for estimating outcome probabilities should yield much improved estimates. Objective procedures require that geological, geophysical and production data be organized so that geological and geophysical characteristics of prospects interpreted before they were drilled can be compared systematically with outcomes of prospects after they have been drilled. An example application that involves well data and an example application that involves seismic data demonstrate that objective procedures are simple in principle, but require organization of information in a form suitable for computation of frequencies, on which objective estimates of probabilities can be based.     

Generation characteristics of Mesozoic syn- and post-rift source rocks,Bonaparte Basin,Australia: New insights from compositional kinetic modelling

Potential source rocks on the Laminaria High, a region of the northern Bonaparte Basin on the North West Shelf of Australia, occur within the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous early to post-rift sequences. Twenty-two representative immature source rock samples from the Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous (Plover, Laminaria, Frigate, Flamingo and Echuca Shoals) sequences were analysed to define the hydrocarbon products that analogous mature source rocks could have generated during thermal maturation and filled the petroleum reservoirs in the Laminaria High region. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data indicate that all the source rocks contain type II–III organic matter and vary in organic richness and quality. Open system pyrolysis-gas chromatography on extracted rock samples show a dominance of aliphatic components in the pyrolysates. The Plover source rocks are the exception which exhibit high phenolic contents due to their predominant land-plant contribution. Most of the kerogens have the potential to generate Paraffinic–Naphthenic–Aromatic oils with low wax contents. Bulk kinetic analyses reveal a relatively broad distribution of activation energies that are directly related to the heterogeneity in the kerogens. These kinetic parameters suggest different degrees of thermal stability, with the predicted commencement of petroleum generation under geological heating conditions covering a relatively broad temperature range from 95 to 135 °C for the Upper Jurassic−Lower Cretaceous source rocks. Both shales and coals of the Middle Jurassic Plover Formation have the potential to generate oil at relatively higher temperatures (140–145 °C) than those measured for crude oils in previous studies. Hence, the Frigate and the Flamingo formations are the main potential sources of oils reservoired in the Laminaria and Corallina fields. Apart from being a reservoir, the Laminaria Formation also contains organic-rich layers, with the potential to generate oil. For the majority of samples analysed, the compositional kinetic model predictions indicate that 80% of the hydrocarbons were generated as oil and 20% as gas. The exception is the Lower Cretaceous Echuca Shoals Formation which shows the potential to generate a greater proportion (40%) of gas despite its marine source affinity, due to inertinite dominating the maceral assemblage.     

Restoration of oiled mussel beds in Prince William Sound, Alaska

Natural loss of hydrocarbons was often low from mussel (Mytilus trossulus) beds (which were typically not cleaned after the Exxon Valdez oil spill), thus this habitat remained a long-term source of oil. Consequently, experimental restoration of nine contaminated beds was attempted in 1994; mussels were removed, contaminated surface sediment was replaced (33 metric tons), and original mussels were returned. Hydrocarbon concentrations and mussel populations were monitored for 5 years thereafter. Post-restoration mussel population fluctuations were indistinguishable from regional changes. Increased short-term oil loss was apparent, but long-term (5 year) improvement was equivocal and difficult to distinguish from natural losses. By 1999, oil concentrations in mussels were typically at baseline levels in restored and oiled reference beds; concentrations in replaced sediment were elevated in one third of restored beds, indicating recontamination from underlying or surrounding sediment. Our results suggest mussel relocation is feasible but suggest oil might more effectively be removed from sediment mechanically or chemically than manually.