公共点坐标粗差检验方法及其限差的研究

GPS控制网在进行坐标系统转换或平差计算之前,大多都需要首先对已知公共点坐标的粗差进行检验。针对有关检验方法进行研讨,提出了检验限差标准。并结合实例进行计算和分析,成功剔除了坐标中含有粗差的已知公共点。     

中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力变化特征——基于过程模型和遥感模型的评估结果

净初级生产力（NPP）作为生态系统物质与能量循环的基础,是区域和全球尺度碳循环和碳收支研究的重要组成部分。研究区域和全球尺度的净初级生产力主要依靠模型手段实现,过程和遥感模型是目前广泛使用的两种模型形式。本文搜集并整理了基于过程模型和遥感模型对我国陆地生态系统净初级生产力的模拟结果,分析了中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力的时间变化及对未来气候变化的响应特征,旨在对其进行综合评价。结果表明,中国陆地生态系统NPP平均为（2.828±0.827）PgC.a-1。1982-1998年的年际变化特征上,NPP平均每年增加0.027 PgC,年增长率为1.07%,总体上呈现在波动中逐年上升的趋势。不同植被类型的单位面积NPP总体表现为常绿阔叶林显著高于其他植被类型,但不同研究结果间变化范围很大;落叶针叶林、常绿针叶林和落叶阔叶林相差较小;农作物低于阔叶林,但高于针叶林;草地和荒漠均位于低值区,但前者显著高于后者。不同植被类型的NPP总量总体表现为农作物和草地位居前两位,两者之和高达各植被类型NPP总量之和的58.34%;除灌丛和常绿针叶林外,其余植被类型均不足总量的10%。在未来气候情景下,中国陆地生态系统NPP总体上可能表现为先增加后减小的趋势。     

青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量研究进展

高寒草甸是广布于青藏高原的主要植被类型,它是青藏高原大气与地面之间生物地球化学循环的重要构成部分,在区域碳平衡中起着极为重要的作用。基于对青藏高原主要高寒草甸生态系统类型CO2通量研究方面的综述,系统分析了高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量日、季、年等不同时间尺度的变化特征以及温度、光合有效辐射、降水等主要环境因子对高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量的影响;同时,结合其他地区草地生态系统,就青藏高原三种典型高寒草甸生态系统类型源汇效应和Q10值进行了比较;最后,结合青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量研究的现实与需要,提出了当前存在一些不确定性和有待深入研究的问题。     

基于BP神经网络的单站总云量预报研究

云是能够对飞行活动产生影响、甚至危及飞行安全的气象要素之一。为了对北京单站总云量进行预报,利用人工神经网络的BP模型,针对不同时次进行关键因子的选取,尝试用多种预报因子的组合,建立了总云量预报模型。试验结果表明：所建立的模型具有较好的拟合、预报精度,并且没有出现＂过拟合＂现象,对新样本具有较好的泛化能力。     

Studies on groundwater recharge characteristics at a reclaimed land site with an equatorial climate using time‐series and spectral analyses

Groundwater recharge studies are essential for investigating the feasibility of using the reclaimed lands in Singapore for subsurface storage and recovery of water. Through time‐series and spectral analyses, net recharge percentages and stress‐filtering characteristics at the reclaimed land were found to depend strongly on the stress transfer velocity, which was a combined function of rainfall pattern and vadose zone thickness. Based on stress transfer velocity, a theory was established to provide logical explanations for the rainfall–recharge relationship, the observed stress‐filtering characteristics and the recharge percentage characteristics at the unconfined sandy aquifer. Although the reclaimed land site has a lithollogically homogeneous soil profile, a non‐uniform recharge pattern was observed to be influenced pronouncedly by the uneven density distribution of bush grasses. Under a bare soil condition, significantly lower recharge percentages were observed for areas under the influence of offshore tides. The unconfined sandy aquifer appears to dampen out the wave propagation of offshore tides rapidly within a short distance from the tidal source, though it has a fairly straight shoreline and is created from highly compacted sand fills. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Linking Test that investigates the feasibility of inverse modelling: application to a simple rainfall interception model for Mt Gambier,southeast South Australia

Interception loss has an important influence on the water yield of forested areas. Nevertheless, in most studies stemflow is not measured, therefore the question of how to determine the feasibility of optimizing interception and stemflow parameters simultaneously by matching daily simulated throughfall to fortnightly measurements of cumulative throughfall is an important one. By applying a daily empirical interception model, a goodness fit of 2·2 mm/day is obtained between observed and simulated cumulative throughfall. However, by applying the simple but robust Linking Test, it was shown that the parameters are non‐unique and falsely linked, i.e. inter‐relationships between different vegetation parameter sets give similar throughfall but non‐unique net precipitation. The Linking Test investigates the causes of obtaining falsely linked parameters and shows that objective equifinality is not the source of the problem. Objective equifinality occurs when an inappropriate objective function is used. The Linking Test also shows that falsely linked parameters are not caused by measuring throughfall on a non‐daily basis (termed frequency sampling equifinality). By expanding the interception model to the second degree, it was found that the non‐uniqueness is due to the inherent nature of interception and stemflow functions that behave similarly and therefore can easily compensate each other (termed similarity equifinality). It is also shown that a simple daily empirical exponential interception model developed for conifers in the uplands of the United Kingdom is suitable to model interception in Pinus radiata plantations in the Mediterranean climate of southern Australia by using only daily gross precipitation data and two parameters. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

沉降监测基准网与监测网精度探讨

为了保证建筑物在沉降过程中变形观测点的观测成果的连续性、可比性，对沉降监测中基准网与监测网的观测精度匹配问题进行了详细的探讨，得出了有参考价值的结论。     

CONTROL WORK IN CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＢｙｖｉｒｔｕｅｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｐｏｉｎｔｓａｎｄ/ｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｗｏｒｋ ,ｔｈｅｍａｉｎｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｏｆｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓｕｒｖｅｙ ｉｎｇｉｎｃｌｏｓｅｒａｎｇｅｐｈｏｔｏｇｒａｍｍｅｔｒｙｉｓｔｏｂｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｃｌｏｓｅｒａｎｇｅｐｈｏｔｏｇｒａｍｍｅｔｒｉｃｎｅｔｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｓｐｅｃｉ ｆｉｅｄｏｂｊｅｃｔｓｐａｃｅｃｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ .Ｂｅｓｉｄｅｓｔｈｅｓｅ ｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｏｂｊｅｃｔｓｐａｃｅｃｏｏｒｄｉ…     

贡嘎山东坡亚高山森林系统植被光合作用——双裂蟹甲草（Cacalia davidii）净光合速率对生态因子的响应

以双裂蟹甲草(Cacaliadavidii)为材料，研究其净光合速率对生态因子的响应。结果表明，双裂蟹甲草净光合速率(P     

Estimation of net primary productivity in China using remote sensing data

1 IntroductionAs a major part of terrestrial ecosystem, vegetation plays an important role in the energy, matter and momentum exchange between land surface and atmosphere. Through the process of photosynthesis, land plants assimilate carbon in atmosphere and incorporate into dry matter while part of carbon is emitted into atmosphere again through plant respiration. The remainder of photosynthesis and respiration is called net primary productivity (NPP), which is important in the global carbon…