Tides in the Tongan Region of the Pacific Ocean

Tidal levels and currents in the Tongan region of the Pacific were simulated using a two-dimensional frequency-domain finite element model. The eight major diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents were modeled successfully, using open boundary conditions taken from a global tidal model based on the Topex/Poseidon satellite altimeter. Comparison of model results with observations from the single tide gauge site in the area were later used to adjust the boundary conditions. The validity of omitting horizontal eddy viscosity from the finite element model was checked by running an equivalent finite difference model. The results show that although the submarine Tongan ridge does not appear to trap tidal energy, there are residual tidal currents and possible recirculations which are capable of influencing biological productivity around Tonga. The model results are reduced to a simple method for predicting tidal heights in outlying areas, based only on the tidal calendar for the capital, Nuku'alofa.     

基于WRF模式数据和CASA模型的青海湖流域草地NPP估算研究

植被净初级生产力(NPP)是研究陆地碳循环过程的核心内容, 而高海拔区域由于气象观测数据的缺乏造成模型对其估算的不准确.在WRF模式气象数据和SPOT-VEGETATION遥感影像的基础上, 利用CASA模型对青海湖流域2000-2010年的草地NPP进行了估算, 经过实地样方数据和其他模型数据的验证后, 分析了青海湖流域近11 a来草地NPP的空间分布格局和时间变化特征.结果表明: 1)在气象观测资料缺乏的青海湖流域, WRF模式的气象数据能较好地应用到模型中, CASA模型对该区域草地NPP的模拟精度较高; 2)2000-2010年青海湖流域草地年均NPP为2.71×10¹²gC·a^-1, 单位面积草地NPP为145.71 gC·m^-2·a^-1; 空间分布上呈现出由东南向西北随着海拔升高逐渐下降的格局, 在海拔3 200~3 500 m的区域草地单位面积的NPP达到最大; 3)2000-2010年青海湖流域草地NPP年际变化明显, 近11 a呈现出明显的增加趋势, 增加区域主要分布在环湖地区; 年内季节变化显著, 夏季NPP占到全年的57.36%; 4)对NPP和气象站点太阳辐射、 气温、 降水数据进行相关性分析, 发现影响青海湖流域草地NPP变化的主要驱动力是气温.     

近20 a中亚净初级生产力与实际蒸散发特征分析

中亚碳、水循环在气候变异和人为活动的影响下呈现新的时空特征。但由于观测数据稀缺,生态过程特殊,植被、土壤空间异质性强,中亚植被净初级生产力(NPP)、实际蒸散发(AET)的时空特征相关信息相对不足,且时效性不高。利用全球尺度的NPP、AET、土地覆被数据,气象站点与区域气候数据分析近20 a中亚地区NPP和AET的时空特征。结果表明：与1990年相比,2000年中亚地区农田NPP增幅小于自然植被,植被总固碳量增加了254.65 Tg C;近20 a中亚地区实际总蒸散量先增后降,农田对中亚水资源散失的贡献减小,自然植被的贡献增大,自然植被与农田面积变化决定中亚总蒸散量动态;北部农田区、东部山区及山前绿洲为NPP和AET的高值区,中西部荒漠为低值区。     

Radial Basis Functional Link Nets Used as a Prospectivity Mapping Tool for Orogenic Gold Deposits Within the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt, Northern Fennoscandian Shield

Among the more popular spatial modeling techniques, artificial neural networks (ANN) are tools that can deal with non-linear relationships, can classify unknown data into categories by using known examples for training, and can deal with uncertainty; characteristics that provide new possibilities for data exploration. Radial basis functional link nets (RBFLN), a form of ANN, are applied to generate a series of prospectivity maps for orogenic gold deposits within the Paleoproterozoic Central Lapland Greenstone Belt, Northern Fennoscandian Shield, Finland, which is considered highly prospective yet clearly under explored. The supervised RBFLN performs better than previously applied statistical weights-of-evidence or conceptual fuzzy logic methods, and equal to logistic regression method, when applied to the same geophysical and geochemical data layers that are proxies for conceptual geological controls. By weighting the training feature vectors in terms of the size of the gold deposits, the classification of the neural network results provides an improved prediction of the distribution of the more important deposits/occurrences. Thus, ANN, more specifically RBFLN, potentially provide a better tool to other methodologies in the development of prospectivity maps for mineral deposits, hence aiding conceptual exploration.     

亚热带马尼拉草坪生态系统CO_2净交换量测定方法比较

利用IRGA法和GC法,同步观测了3种天气(晴天、多云、阴天)条件下福州市江滨公园马尼拉草坪生态系统CO2净交换量(NEE)的白昼动态变化,比较IRGA法和GC法透明通量箱对观测样点环境的影响程度,并探讨其对NEE观测结果的影响.结果表明:在单次观测结束时,IRGA法通量箱对样点环境的扰动小于GC法,晴天白天二者箱内的平均升温分别为1.79℃和2.33℃,箱内平均光合有效辐射(PAR)降低幅度分别为11.00%和21.00%.3种天气情况下,IRGA法与GC法观测的NEE白天变化趋势较一致,但3种天气相同时段内GC法测定的NEE平均值比IRGA法高3.17μmol·m-2·s-1,二者的差异在中午最大,在清晨和傍晚较小.IRGA法比GC法可以更为准确地测量草坪NEE.     

2000-2013年浑善达克沙地植被净初级生产力变化研究

利用卫星遥感资料和地面气象观测资料,基于CASA模型及其他数理方法估算了浑善达克沙地2000-2013年生长季（4-10月）植被净初级生产力（NPP）,并对其时空变化特征进行了分析,讨论了气候因子和人类活动对植被净初级生产力的影响。结果表明： 14年间,研究区生长季的植被净初级生产力呈波动中增加趋势,多年平均NPP为239.8 gC·m^-2·a^-1。整个研究区表现为高NPP值（大于150 gC·m^-2·a^-1）的植被面积在增加,低NPP值（小于150 gC·m^-2·a^-1）的植被面积在减少。在空间分布上,研究区的北部、中部和南部边缘区域的植被NPP增加趋势较明显,而东部和西部部分区域未发生明显的趋势性变化。总体而言,研究区植被净初级生产力变化趋势与降水量的关系更密切,其相关系数达到0.86,是驱动植被NPP年际波动的最直接因素。而与温度呈负相关,相关系数为-0.42。综合考虑气候因素和人类活动对沙地NPP的影响发现,温度降低、种饲料面积、年末牲畜存栏头数和羊的数量的减少是NPP值提高的关键因素。     

天山北麓山地-绿洲-荒漠生态系统净初级生产力空间分布格局及其季节变化

以天山北麓总面积达93 936 km~2的山地-绿洲-荒漠生态样带为例,利用生态-遥感光能利用率模型NPP-PEM,使用1 km分辨率SPOT/VEGETATION遥感等数据资料,估算了生态样带净初级生产力(NPP)空间分布及其季节变化.结果表明山地-绿洲-荒漠生态样带平均NPP为161.06 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1),样带陆地生态系统年总碳吸收量或年总NPP累积量为15.081 Tg C(1Tg=10~(12)g),其中绿洲农田、山地草甸草原、平原荒漠草原和山地森林对的碳吸收贡献率分别为32.67%、28.16%、12.41%和9.15%.夏季是各类生态系统NPP增加量最大的季节,而沙漠由于早春短命植被覆盖而具有生长双峰现象.样带NPP空间分布及其季相变化特征是自然环境、地貌、气候以及人类生产活动长期共同作用和影响的结果,其中水热条件和基质是控制干旱区陆地生态系统NPP空间格局的决定因子.结果检验表明模拟效果较为合理,证明NPP-PEM模型在干旱生态系统的应用是可行的.研究为干旱区陆地生态系统碳循环研究开辟了途径,可为干旱区生态系统评估、监测和管理提供研究方法和参考依据.     

基于夜光遥感的南疆三地州农民收入年际变化特征

利用1992-2013年的DMSP/OLS灯光数据和农民人均纯收入数据,对南疆三地州的基础地貌特征,以及19个重点贫困县市的农民收入与灯光强度的关系进行分析,以期从时间和空间的角度探讨农民收入的变化。结果表明：南疆三地州的地势由南向北逐渐降低,绿洲主要分布于中海拔地段,包含中海拔风积地貌、中海拔梁峁、中海拔山地、中海拔平原、中海拔台地,总面积分别为10.34×10⁴、0.222×10⁴、0.318×10⁴、11.004×10⁴、0.227×10⁴km²;与各县农民收入存在最大相关性的民族主要为汉族和维吾尔族,最大相关系数分别为0.971和0.942;灯光强度可以在长时段的条件下反映出南疆三地州重点贫困县市农民收入的变化情况,但是较短时限的变化与灯光强度的关系较为复杂,必须结合更多的因素参考,收入变化相对灯光强度变化的比率最大的县（市）为塔什库尔干县（R=86841）,最小为叶城县（R=1069.86）;灯光强度的分布极为稀疏,以疏附县、疏勒县为中心的总体扩张方向为东北,以叶城县为中心的总体扩张方向为北,以和田县为中心的总体扩张方向为西南和北。应用灯光数据寻找沙漠腹地的绿洲或人迹意义重大。     

Assessment of effectiveness of nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau based on net primary production and the large sample comparison method

Twenty-one typical coupled large samples were chosen from areas within and surrounding nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau using the large sample comparison method (LSCM). To evaluate the effectiveness of the nature reserves in protecting the ecological environment, the alpine grassland net primary production (NPP) of these coupled samples were compared and the differences between them before and after their establishment as protected areas were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) With respect to the alpine grassland NPP, the ecological and environmental conditions of most nature reserves were more fragile than those of the surrounding areas and also lower than the average values for the Tibetan Plateau. (2) Of the 11 typical nature reserves selected, the positive trend in the NPP for Manzetang was the most significant, whereas there was no obvious trend in Taxkorgan. With the exception of Selincuo, the annual NPP growth rate in the nature reserves covered by alpine meadow and wetland was higher than that in nature reserves consisting of alpine steppe and alpine desert. (3) There were notable findings in 21 typical coupled samples: (a) After the establishment of the nature reserves, the annual rate of increase in the NPP in 76% of samples inside nature reserves and 82% of samples inside national nature reserves was higher than that of the corresponding samples outside nature reserves. (b) The effectiveness of ecological protection of the Mid-Kunlun, Changshagongma, Zoige and Selincuo (Selin Co) nature reserves was significant; the effectiveness of protection was relatively significant in most parts of the Sanjiangyuan and Qiangtang nature reserves, whereas in south-east Manzetang and north Taxkorgan the protection effectiveness was not obvious. (c) The ecological protection effectiveness was significant in nature reserves consisting of alpine meadow, but was weak in nature reserves covered by alpine steppe. This study also shows that the advantage of large sample comparison method in evaluating regional ecology change. Careful design of the samples used, to ensure comparability between the samples, is crucial to the success of this LSCM.     

SNS柔性防护网在黄山风景区边坡支护中的应用

黄山风景区钓小旅游公路全长3．9km,其间有五个边坡稳定性较差,故对此进行加固治理。本文浅谈治理工程中的SNS柔性防护网的应用。