街景影像——基于人工智能的方法与应用

街景影像是感知城市物质环境的一种新型地理大数据.这种数据以人的视角详尽描绘了城市的可视环境,同时也隐性地表达了可视环境背后有关城市功能、社会经济和人类活动的信息.然而,传统的数字图像处理技术对街景影像的处理能力有限,不能高效地理解其中的语义信息.近年来,随着人工智能领域的不断发展,图像分析和机器学习方法取得了突破性的进...     

利用街景工厂三维模型纹理修复研究

利用街景工厂软件能够实现三维模型的自动化重建,但由于其人工干预少,生成的三维模型成果往往存在着三角网错误、纹理漏洞等现象。针对这种情况,本文主要提出了人工修复三角网,然后将三维模型的结构重新引入街景工厂,再对纹理重新映射修复的方法。     

A Street Fit for a King: Naming Places and Commemoration in the American South

The naming of streets after Martin Luther King, Jr. (MLK) is an importantarena for African Americans as they rewrite the landscape of southern identity and commemoration. While less ornate and ostentatious than museums and monuments, MLK streets are powerful and highly contested cultural geographies because of their potential to connect disparate communities and incorporate a vision of the past into the spatial practices of everyday life. They reveal the importance of location, particularly intra‐urban location, to public memorialization. Naming streets for King is a significant part of the nonmetropolitan South as well as larger cities and dependent upon the relative size of a city's African‐American population. When estimating the intra‐urban character of MLK streets within several southern states, findings suggest that they are located in census areas that are generally poorer and with more African Americans than citywide averages. Analysis reveals a geographic unevenness in the frequency of businesses having an address identified with King. When compared with the stereotypical American thoroughfare of “Main” Street, the address composition of MLK streets appears to be more residential in nature, although there is significant state by state variation.     

Vertical Distribution Patterns of Trace Elements in an Urban Environment as Reflected by their Accumulation in Lichen Transplants

The results of an investigation about the vertical distribution patterns of selected trace elements in an urban environment, as reflected by their accumulation in lichen transplants, are reported. Thalli of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea were transplanted in 2 sites in the urban area of Thessaloniki (N Greece), subjected to very different traffic loads: 1) Tsimiski, downtown of Thessaloniki, at one of the busiest streets of the city, a street canyon 2) Toumba, far from the city centre, at the edge of the city, at an open street. In each site, thalli were suspended along a vertical transect at 3, 6, 9 and 12 m, and retrieved after one year. The results showed that while at Toumba the elemental composition of lichen samples was essentially influenced by natural occurrence, mainly airborne soil dust, at Tsimiski also anthropogenic input of pollutants determined by vehicle traffic was involved for some elements such as Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The vertical distribution patterns of heavy metals accumulated in lichens showed that in general elevation has no statistically significant influence on the concentration of most metals, but this was not true for Pb, whose concentrations increased with increasing elevation from ground. Residents may thus be more exposed to high concentrations of Pb than pedestrians.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-COST MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEM: A SOUTH AMERICAN EXPERIENCE

This paper presents the prototype of a low-cost terrestrial mobile mapping system (MMS) composed of a van, two digital video cameras, two GPS receivers, a notebook computer, and a sound frame synchronisation system. The imaging sensors are mounted as a stereo video camera on top of the vehicle together with the GPS antennae. The GPS receivers and the notebook computer are configured to record data referred to the vehicle position at a planned time interval. This position is subsequently transferred to the road images. This set of equipment and methods provide the opportunity to merge distinct techniques to make topographic maps and also to build georeferenced road image databases. Both vector maps and raster image databases, when integrated appropriately, can give spatial researchers and engineers a new technique whose application may realise better planning and analysis related to the road environment. The experimental results proved that the MMS developed at the São Paulo State University is an effective approach to inspecting road pavements, to map road marks and traffic signs, electric power poles, telephone booths, drain pipes, and many other applications important to people's safety and welfare. A small number of road images have already been captured by the prototype as a consequence of its application in distinct projects. An efficient organisation of those images and the prompt access to them justify the need for building a georeferenced image database. By expanding it, both at the hardware and software levels, it is possible for engineers to analyse the entire road environment on their office computers.     

基于潜在受害者动态时空分布的街面接触型犯罪研究

街面接触型犯罪是指犯罪者在街面通过采取与受害者身体接触的方式而实施的违反法律的行为,已有文献研究利用了不同类型的大数据代表的周遭人口表征街面接触型犯罪中“潜在受害者”因素,但由于数据的局限性,无法应用在微观的空间尺度上的街面接触型犯罪研究。微信热力图是具有高时空分辨率和高人口覆盖度,能动态地反映人流量热度的程序。因此,本文以经济发达的ZG市的XT街道为例,结合日常活动理论,并基于微信热力图数据代表的周遭人口表征的“潜在受害者”因素,首先定性地描述和识别街面接触型犯罪的时空分布特征,然后划分不同时段分析街道街面接触型犯罪的影响因素。研究发现：① 街面接触型犯罪案件存在时空的集聚性,街道街面接触型犯罪在晚上（18:00—23:59）是高发期,在白天（07:00—17:59）是低发期,在22:00—22:59数量达到最大值,主要聚集在城中村区域,且不同时期的影响因素存在一定的差异;② 微信人口数量在所有时期均对街面接触型犯罪存在显著的正向影响,其代表的周遭人口能很好地表征日常活动理论中的“潜在受害者”因素,且在凌晨—清晨（00:00—06:59）对街面接触型犯罪的影响最大;③ 不同场所对街面接触型犯罪的影响存在时间上的差异,餐饮点在晚上对街面接触型犯罪存在显著的正向影响,KTV、健身房和公交站点分别对应在凌晨—清晨、白天与晚上对街面接触型犯罪有显著的正向影响,而休闲会所在凌晨、清晨、晚上均有显著的影响,与最近巡逻驻点的距离仅在晚上时期显著影响街面接触型犯罪。本文的研究结论可为警方采用微信热力图来分析街面接触型犯罪和经济发达地区警方部署提供参考依据。     

建筑物出口的人员疏散研究

根据建筑物出口疏散的特点,提出了一种改进型的元胞自动机模型。研究了影响人员疏散速度的两个因素:人员之间的相互拥挤产生的冲突和人员移动到出口时由于转弯导致的移动速度减慢。使用数学方法推导得出了摩擦冲突函数和转弯函数。通过计算机仿真与实际疏散实验对比发现,在不考虑转弯因素的情况下,仿真结果与实验结果偏差较大,而在同时考虑相互冲突和转弯因素时的仿真结果与实验结果偏差很小,验证了这两个因素是疏散仿真不可忽略的因素。通过分析仿真结果,验证了本文所采用的模型和函数能够准确地反映实际疏散过程,具有较高的实用价值。     

DP半岛街头抢劫犯罪案件热点时空模式

选取H市中心城区DP半岛作为研究区域,以岛上2006-2011 年发生的街头抢劫案件（共373 起） 作为研究对象,将DP半岛内街头抢劫案件的时空分布特征分别从宏观和局部微观两个尺度层面进行系统的分析。首先,对岛上的街头抢劫案件按年、月和小时进行统计分析,总结其在不同时间尺度上的变化规律：2007 年开始的严打使案件数量逐年减少,直到2010 年才略有回升;春节期间（二月前后） 的案件数量明显高于其他月份;晚上22:00-23:00 期间是案件高发时段。其次,利用Kernel 密度方法对研究区街头抢劫犯罪的宏观空间分布进行整体的辨别,剥离出犯罪热点空间分布,分析热点与道路网和土地利用的关联性,结果表明热点多分布于主干道、通达性高的节点或土地利用混合度高的地方。最后,选出4 个最主要的热点从微观尺度进行分析,PAI 指数表明这4 个热点在时间上是稳定的,从2006 年到2011 年一直存在。依据“热点时空类型矩阵”的时间分布和空间分布模式,将这4 个稳定热点归类到不同微观时空模式,并对每类模式下的街头抢劫犯罪提出有针对性的防控对策,以便优化警力资源的配置、最大限度抑制和减少犯罪的发生。     

咸阳市区街道灰尘重金属污染及评价

城市街道灰尘是反映城市环境污染状况的重要指标之一。以咸阳市区为研究地点,在咸阳市交通十字路口采集街道灰尘样品,采用原子吸收光谱仪测定街道灰尘中的Pb、Cd、Cu含量,研究咸阳市街道灰尘重金属的污染含量水平和空间分布特征。采用潜在生态危害指数法对样品中重金属的潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果表明:咸阳市街道灰尘重金属大多数地方超过了陕西省土壤背景值,Cu污染浓度多处于1~5.8倍背景值水平;Cd大多处于0~1.7倍背景值水平;Pb大部分处在0~2.6倍背景值水平。就单个重金属潜在生态危害系数平均值来看,街道灰尘的潜在生态危害最大的是Cd,Cu的生态危害次之,生态危害最低的是Pb。总体来讲,咸阳市街道灰尘的生态危害水平属于轻生态危害。     

基于GIS和空间句法浅析街道空间环境对街道活力的影响

"线"状街道空间承担交通功能的同时"面"状街道空间则是人活动交往的场所,也是体现街道活力的地方,目前随着城市化的加快街道活力逐渐降低。本论文从街道空间环境入手,结合GIS(Geographic Information System)和空间句法知识,利用ArcGIS软件,以德州市商业街—太平街和常兴路中段为例,对比分析街道空间的街道纵深分布、周边用地布局、交通可达性、空间开放性及邻街店铺,得出街道空间环境对街道活力的影响,从而为保持街道活力,提高城市功能提供支持。