VORTEX MOTIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYERM*

Large vortices with scales ranging from hundreds meters to tens of kilometers are generally found in the atmospheric convective boundary layer(CBL).These vortices play important roles in the vertical transport of momentum,heat,water vapor and other tracers in the boundary layer.On the basis of the view of interaction between the convection in CBL and the gravity waves in the upper stable layer the authors developed a convection-wave theory on the formation of large vortices.According to the theory the wavenumber spectrum of the large vortices mainly depends on the atmospheric conditions in both of the upper and lower layers,such as wind speed,wind direction shear,stratification as well as temperature jump.In the present paper satellite image and weather data in a case of cold air outbreak over warm ocean are analyzed to study every stage of the convective processes,such as cloud street,convective cell as well as their transformation.According to the theory the wavenumber compositions for cloud street and convective cell are calculated,respectively,on the basis of the atmospheric conditions at every stage.The distributions of vertical motions,convergent band and disturbed interface are obtained and compared with the cloud patterns in the convective processes.Thus the study seems to offer a likely explanation for the origin of large vortices in CBL.     

街道的城市地址编码模型与实验

地址编码是指将地址映射成地理坐标的过程,它提供了一种把描述性地理位置信息转换成GIS地理坐标的方式。本文分析了当前标准规范中的地址编码规则,认为街道与小区等院落实体作为同级别的区域限定物弱化了街道的空间特征,并且在现有地址编码规则基础上提出了将街道前置作为区域限定物的地址编码改进方案;进一步,为了体现街道作为各类地理实体的空间参考基础,本文按照街道的前进方向,定义了在街道线性空间中的地理实体链表组织模型,实现了将相互独立的地址编码实体在街道中的串联组织,从而为今后地址查询中的参考定位提供了模型支持;最后,给出了街道两侧不同类型地理实体纳入街道地址编码实体链表的实例说明。     

宁波老外滩酒吧街的不得其所与地方建构

酒吧作为城市休闲空间的代表,近年来迅速地在中国城市中扩散。欧美世界的酒吧与地方秩序、社会问题联系紧密,第三世界的酒吧经常被西方学者作为西方的文化飞地,地方权力集中的代表。运用克里斯威尔的“不得其所”为概念框架,以中国沿海城市宁波的一条酒吧街老外滩为案例地,通过问卷调查与访谈观察中外消费者的不同消费行为及空间选择,探讨中国酒吧街的权力结构,试图找出一条不同于西方语境的地方权力建构路径。所得结论如下：① 宁波老外滩酒吧街的“不得其所”现象表现为：中外消费者在选择酒吧上是空间分离的,而且在中国消费者存在的酒吧并不欢迎外国消费者,这一现象建构了酒吧街的地方性;② 参与老外滩地方性建构的主要力量是中外消费者,其中中国消费者在建构地方性中占据主导地位,他们不仅不再将酒吧街作为外国人消费的场所,也排斥不属于自己群体的其他人;③ 与西方研究多认为第三世界酒吧是西方的“文化飞地”,消费者通常是西方人或接受过西方教育的本地精英,其他本地人被隔绝在外不同,宁波老外滩的酒吧呈现出一种中国消费者“反隔离”西方消费者的现象。     

基于街景图像的城市环境评价研究综述

城市环境评价研究传统上采用基于现场调研的方法,难以在大范围、精细化的尺度上进行评估。街景图像具有覆盖面广、能提供街道层级景观信息,且数据采集成本低的优势,为城市环境评价研究提供了大样本数据源和新的研究思路。人工智能技术的不断突破和其在各领域的应用,使得在大范围空间尺度上,基于街景图像进行城市环境评价研究成为可能。本文首先对城市环境评价常用的3种数据源（街景图像、遥感影像和地理标记社交媒体数据）进行对比分析,归纳街景图像在城市环境评价中的优势;然后,从方法学的角度把基于街景图像进行城市环境评价过程中使用的方法分为4大类别（基于图像分析的方法、基于统计分析的方法、基于人工智能的方法和基于空间分析的方法）;接着,从城市物理环境、社会环境、经济环境、美学环境,综述了街景图像在城市环境评价中的应用研究进展;最后,对现有研究成果进行了总结并对未来研究方向提出展望。     

VORTEX MOTIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER

Large vortices with scales ranging from hundreds meters to tens of kilometers are generallyfound in the atmospheric convective boundary layer(CBL).These vortices play important roles in the vertical transport of momentum,heat,water vaporand other tracers in the boundary layer.On the basis of the view of interaction between theconvection in CBL and the gravity waves in the upper stable layer the authors developed aconvection-wave theory on the formation of large vortices.According to the theory thewavenumber spectrum of the large vortices mainly depends on the atmospheric conditions in bothof the upper and lower layers,such as wind speed,wind direction shear,stratification as well astemperature jump.In the present paper satellite image and weather data in a case of cold air outbreak over warmocean are analyzed to study every stage of the convective processes,such as cloud street,convective cell as well as their transformation.According to the theory the wavenumbercompositions for cloud street and convective cell are calculated,respectively,on the basis of theatmospheric conditions at every stage.The distributions of vertical motions,convergent band anddisturbed interface are obtained and compared with the cloud patterns in the convective processes.Thus the study seems to offer a likely explanation for the origin of large vortices in CBL.     

Flow and Transport in the Obstacle Layer: First Results of the Micro-Scale Model MITRAS

A new atmospheric micro-scale chemistry, transport and stream model, MITRAS, has been developed within the Tropospheric Research Program (TFS). MITRAS is an obstacle resolving model solving simultaneously the governing equations for chemistry, pollutant transport including soot as well as for the flow and temperature field. The chemical reaction module is based on a simplified RACM mechanism. MITRAS has been tested against quality ensured wind tunnel data. The model results on soot and ozone concentrations as well as on the spatial representativeness of measurement sites underline the necessity for high-resolution flow simulations for case studies on close-to-source chemistry and pollutant transport within the urban canopy layer.     

How Many Facets are Needed to Represent the Surface Energy Balance of an Urban Area?

We investigate the question of how many facets are needed to represent the energy balance of an urban area by developing simplified 3-, 2- and 1-facet versions of a 4-facet energy balance model of two-dimensional streets and buildings. The 3-facet model simplifies the 4-facet model by averaging over the canyon orientation, which results in similar net shortwave and longwave balances for both wall facets, but maintains the asymmetry in the heat fluxes within the street canyon. For the 2-facet model, on the assumption that the wall and road temperatures are equal, the road and wall facets can be combined mathematically into a single street-canyon facet with effective values of the heat transfer coefficient, albedo, emissivity and thermodynamic properties, without further approximation. The 1-facet model requires the additional assumption that the roof temperature is also equal to the road and wall temperatures. Idealised simulations show that the geometry and material properties of the walls and road lead to a large heat capacity of the combined street canyon, whereas the roof behaves like a flat surface with low heat capacity. This means that the magnitude of the diurnal temperature variation of the street-canyon facets are broadly similar and much smaller than the diurnal temperature variation of the roof facets. Consequently, the approximation that the street-canyon facets have similar temperatures is sound, and the road and walls can be combined into a single facet. The roof behaves very differently and a separate roof facet is required. Consequently, the 2-facet model performs similarly to the 4-facet model, while the 1-facet model does not. The models are compared with previously published observations collected in Mexico City. Although the 3- and 2-facet models perform better than the 1-facet model, the present models are unable to represent the phase of the sensible heat flux. This result is consistent with previous model comparisons, and we argue that this feature of the data cannot be produced by a single column model. We conclude that a 2-facet model is necessary, and for numerical weather prediction sufficient, to model an urban surface, and that this conclusion is robust and therefore applicable to more general geometries.     

二维街谷地面加热引起的流场特征的水槽实验研究

利用拖曳式水槽,采用激光粒子成像速度场测量系统(PIV),模拟了街谷存在地面加热时流场特征;讨论了环境风场对其的影响。我们发现在静风条件下,街谷中环流完全由热力驱动,对流活动可伸展至街谷上方;在建筑物层顶以上,也可发现水平和垂直方向的运动。这些对流活动有助于基本风场为零时,街谷内外动量和物质的交换。当街谷较宽时,对流形成的涡旋可能为两个以上,形态较为复杂并随时间变化,当街谷变窄时,涡旋蜕化成只有一个。当有弱环境风场存在时,街谷中的对流呈现为一个主涡旋,随着风速增加,涡旋形状更加规则,其中心并向下风向移动。     

基于街景图像的可解释性城市感知模型研究方法

理解城市环境对人类感知的影响,对城市合理规划及布局具有重要的人文参考价值。城市环境是一个动态变化的复杂系统,具有空间异质性的特点。由于研究方法的限制,在复杂的城市环境中,以往基于街景图像的城市感知研究难以全面精细地分析环境关键要素对人类感知的影响。本研究以武汉市中心为研究区,首先利用全卷积神经网络将街景图像分割为城市地物类型,耦合感知打分数据和随机森林算法建立6类城市感知模型;然后基于沙普利值方法分解在随机森林模型中各类城市地物对人类感知的影响,并识别城市环境关键要素;最后结合分解结果,探究在非线性模型中沙普利值方法的适用性和优势。结果表明：沙普利值方法能够有效考虑环境异质性,精确地定量表示在不同场景中各类地物对人类感知的影响;城市高楼、天空、绿地空间是对人类感知影响最大的3类地物,且地物的体积和分布与其对人类感知的影响有关,图像占比大、分布连续的地物对人类感知的影响比图像占比小、分布离散的地物对人类感知的影响大;受城市环境空间异质性的影响,主要地物类型对各类感知的影响程度和形式有显著不同;高楼与人类感知为非线性关系,且具有明显的单调递增或递减的形式;绿地空间与积极感知呈非线性关系,与...     

城市专业化商业街空间分布特征及形成机理研究——以西安市为例

城市专业化商业街作为城市商业空间结构的组成部分,深刻影响着城市居民的生活空间.总结出专业化商业街的3种组织形式,并以西安市为例,分析了其空间形态及分布特征,指出其具有"一个核心,半条环线,线型形态,扇形对称,五大组团"的空间分布特征.进而,从交通、地价、历史沿革与大型结点四大物理要素出发,利用ArcGis软件,探讨了城市专业化商业街空间分布机理,得出:专业化商业街与城市次级交通峰值地带具有耦合特性,不同商业类型对租赁价格与商铺售价具有不同程度的依赖性,历史积淀及大型结点对城市商业街的形成也起着十分重要的作用.