A new perspective in identifying the precursory patterns of eruptions

The complexity of the processes responsible for volcanic eruptions makes a theoretical approach to forecasting the evolution of volcanic unrest rather difficult. A feasible strategy for this purpose appears to be the identification of possible repetitive schemes (patterns) in the pre-eruptive unrest of volcanoes. Nevertheless, the limited availability and the heterogeneity of pre-eruptive data, and the objective difficulty in quantitatively recognizing complex pre-eruptive patterns, make this task very difficult. In this work we address this issue by using a pattern recognition approach applied to the seismicity recorded during 217 volcanic episodes of unrest around the world. In particular, we use two non-parametric algorithms that have proven to give satisfactory results in dealing with a small amount of data, even if not normally distributed and/or characterized by discrete or categorical values. The results show evidence of a longer period of instability in the unrest preceding an eruption, compared to isolated unrest. This might indicate, even if not necessarily, a difference in the energy of processes responsible for the two types of unrest. However, if the unrest is followed by an eruption, it seems that the seismic energy released during the unrest (parameterized by the duration of the swarm and the maximum magnitude recorded) is not indicative of the magnitude of the impending eruption. We also found that, in general, unrest followed by the largest explosive eruptions have a longer repose time than those related to moderate eruptions. This evidence supports the fact that the occurrence of a large eruption needs a sufficient amount of time after the last event in order to re-charge the feeding system and to achieve a closed-conduit regime so that a sufficiently large amount of gas can be accumulated.Editorial responsibility: T. Druitt     

基于SUSAN算法的航空影像的自动配准

图像配准技术是图像融合、图像镶嵌以及影像三维重建的基础。提出了一种基于SU-SAN(Smallest Univalue Segment Assimilating Nucleus)算子的图像配准方法。该方法利用SU-SAN算子提取两幅图像的角点,通过粗匹配和细匹配两个步骤得到匹配角点对。然后再根据这些角点对对图像进行配准。试验表明此方法能有效地实现航空影像自动配准。     

Change detection based on DSM and image features in urban areas

On the basis of atereo image analysis,the change detection of man-made objects in urban areas is in-troduced. Information of the height of man-made objects can be applied to reinforce their change detection. By comparison between the new and old DSMs, the changed regions are extracted. However, our aim is to detect changes of man-made objects in urban area and further in the potental areas by the means of line-feature matching and gradient direction histogram. The experiments based on the aerial images from Japan have proven that the algorithm is correct and efficient.     

Modification of the pattern informatics method for forecasting large earthquake events using complex eigenfactors

Recent studies have shown that real-valued principal component analysis can be applied to earthquake fault systems for forecasting and prediction. In addition, theoretical analysis indicates that earthquake stresses may obey a wave-like equation, having solutions with inverse frequencies for a given fault similar to those that characterize the time intervals between the largest events on the fault. It is therefore desirable to apply complex principal component analysis to develop earthquake forecast algorithms. In this paper we modify the Pattern Informatics method of earthquake forecasting to take advantage of the wave-like properties of seismic stresses and utilize the Hilbert transform to create complex eigenvectors out of measured time series. We show that Pattern Informatics analyses using complex eigenvectors create short-term forecast hot-spot maps that differ from hot-spot maps created using only real-valued data and suggest methods of analyzing the differences and calculating the information gain.     

GIS知识引导的正射影像变化检测及更新

针对数字正射影像变化检测问题的复杂性,提出了一种基于GIS知识引导的多维变化模板分析方法,探讨了由粗到细的四叉树变化检测模板生成方法和一些利用GIS知识的专家打分方法。利用此方法,对一个实验区不同时期的数字正射影像进行了变化检测和正射影像库的更新,达到了预期的目的。     

GIS中地理边线不一致性的处理

地理边线的不一致性是GIS多源空间数据集成、建库和分析中的常见问题。首先分析了地理边线不一致性的类型,并归结为顶点数目完全和不完全匹配两种情况,其中前者可以直接利用结点广义捕捉算法处理。为了匹配后者的顶点数目,提出了投影配点的标准化处理,并导出了投影点的坐标计算和误差估计公式。此外,还导出了一致化改正后地理边线长度的误差估计公式。最后通过算例说明所提出方法的实现过程。     

基于GIS的连锁超市物流配送信息系统的设计与实现

在市场竞争日益敏烈的形势下，各大连锁超市公司为了赢得客户，占领市场，陆续开展零售商品送货上门服务业务和电子商务业务。根据连锁超市送货上门服务的配送特点，本文简要介绍了基于GIS的连锁超市物流配送信息系统的设计框架。在此基础上，介绍了系统数据库的组织结构和构建方法，通过实例较为详细的论述了系统功能中的客户地址匹配、超市配送对象设计、配送路径设计的实现过程。     

虚拟城市中地物几何建模技术的研究

地物的几何建模技术是虚拟地景仿真中最重要的研究领域之一。重点对几何形态建模、纹理映射建模等技术进行了较为详细的论述,并建成了“虚拟小区”3维视景模型。     

A closer look at regime shifts based on coastal observations along the eastern boundary of the North Pacific

At least six regime shifts have been reported in the North Pacific since 1920. They occurred in 1925, 1939, 1946, 1976–1977, 1989 and 1999. The major change in 1976–1977 corresponds to a regime shift that is now widely accepted as a canonical event since it had a significant impact on virtually all climatic and ecosystem indicators. We seek to determine if daily sea surface temperature (SST) from Pacific Grove, in central California, and Scripps Pier, in southern California, and coastal observations from several other locations along the west coast of North America can be used to detect and resolve these events. Cumulative sums (CUSUMs) were initially calculated to enhance the detection process. The CUSUM trajectories during the 1976–1977 event at Pacific Grove and Scripps Pier were distinctive, highly correlated, and in phase. The turning point patterns from this event were then used to search for other events that have been reported since 1920. Turning point patterns very similar to the 1976–1977 event were detected in 1946 and 1989. The events in 1925 and 1939 were generally similar, but the CUSUM patterns for the event in 1999 departed significantly from the other events. Further examination of the 1976 and 1989 events revealed inflection points in the CUSUMs near the beginning and end of each transition that correspond to critical values or extrema in the original data. The inflection points and/or critical values provide an improved basis for determining the duration of these events.     

图像相关匹配算法的快速实现

结合分级关键点互相关迭代法与搜索空间标记法,设计了一种有效提高图像相关匹配速度的算法。其中分级关键点互相关迭代算法快速实现了由重要到不重要像素点的逐级迭代互相关匹配计算,算法在保证精度的前提下可以随时结束并输出相关匹配值;而搜索空间标记法则能快速排除掉大量参数空间内不可能匹配的点。实验证明,这种算法能在正确配准图像的前提下大幅度提高匹配速度。