冰川表面水文过程研究进展

冰面水文过程是冰川径流过程的重要组成部分,对于冰川运动与物质平衡具有重要影响。冰川表面在太阳辐射、冰川物理性质、冰面地形和成冰带空间分布等多种因素影响下消融,形成以冰面水系为主线,锅穴、冰裂隙、冰面湖等为端点的冰面融水输送与分配体系。深入理解冰面水文过程,掌握冰川表面融水的输送、存储与释放,对于研究短时间尺度的冰川融水径流过程、探索冰川动态响应机理具有重要意义。总结回顾了目前国内外冰面水文过程的研究现状,提出了该领域有待解决的主要科学问题。     

Uneven socio-ecologies of Hispaniola: Asymmetric capabilities for climate adaptation in Haiti and the Dominican Republic

This article adopts a “capabilities” approach to climate justice to examine a globally unique phenomenon: a decade of unprecedented surface area growth in Lake Azuéi (the largest lake in Haiti) and Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic (the largest lake in the Caribbean region). The objective was to explore how two neighbouring communities and their governments respond to large-scale environmental change within connected but uneven political ecological contexts. Current climate change impacts in this bi-national island present an opportunity to better understand not only local climate justice but also how fragmented sovereignty, territoriality, and citizenship regimes may affect processes of climate adaptation. The researchers conducted 27 semi-structured interviews in the Dominican Republic and 11 in Haiti, with open ended questions. The data analysis explores impacts of the lakes’ growth; perceived causes and solutions; access to assistance; views on responsibility; and capacities for mobilization, bi-national cooperation, and international partnerships. The article argues that different capabilities for climate adaptation are shaped by historical path dependencies, local institutional contexts, and international linkages; and that attaining climate justice requires attention to these factors within a collective normative framework. The conclusion examines how climate science, research partnerships, and citizen participation might be leveraged to help build binational adaptation strategies grounded in a capabilities approach to climate justice.     

MATLAB软件工具箱简介

简要地介绍MATLAB软件工具箱的特点和功能,探索了其在水文水资源领域中的应用,并就其中的关键技术问题进行了分析讨论.MATLAB软件工具箱在水文水资源领域中具有很好的应用前景,值得推广.     

地理信息系统及其在水文水资源中的应用

简要介绍了地理信息系统(GIS)和近十年来GIS在水文水资源领域中的应用。讨论了在具体应用中,如何选择GIS软件包。作为个例,介绍了爱尔兰国立大学都柏林学院水资源研究中心应用地理信息系统——ARC/INFO开发研究的流域水管理决策支持系统。     

辽宁本溪水洞地下暗河的补给源研究

通过对辽宁本溪水洞区域水文地质条件、水文监测和示踪试验等资料的综合分析,对本溪水洞地下暗河的补给源及补给条件等进行了系统研究.     

黄河上游靖远-景泰段全新世古洪水水文学

对黄河上游靖远景泰段峡谷进行系统野外考察,在靖远县金坪村(JPC)发现典型的全新世古洪水滞流沉积物。通过光释光(OSL)测年和与黄河吉县段FJJ剖面进行地层对比,确定这期特大古洪水事件发生在 3 200~3 000 a B.P.,即全新世中期晚期气候恶化转折阶段,对应着我国历史上商末至西周早期。采用古洪水水文学方法恢复古洪水洪峰水位,并且采用比降-面积法计算这一期多次古洪水事件的洪峰流量为 16 110~17 740 m³/s。同时,根据野外调查获得 2012年7月31日黄河上游大洪水的洪痕高程,采用相同参数和方法恢复其洪峰流量,误差仅有 2.7%,表明在该河段对于古洪水水文恢复计算参数选取和计算结果是可靠的。     

黑河流域生态—水文观测试验与水—生态集成管理研究

对黑河流域水—生态—经济系统研究的主要内容“流域生态—水文观测试验与流域水—生态集成管理”做了概要论述。认为流域水循环、生态水、集成水管理三大科学问题的解决必需加强该领域的研究;结合黑河流域的前期基础、研究现状和能力建设,提出了近期研究的4个领域：流域水循环、水平衡与可利用水资源;流域生态—水文过程与生态环境用水;人类活动驱动的流域水—生态系统演变;流域生态—水文野外平台与流域集成环境。对此进行了进一步的阐述,对该方面研究的方法论和技术难点亦做了简述。     

Holocene Climate in the Northern Great Plains Inferred from Sediment Stratigraphy, Stable Isotopes, Carbonate Geochemistry, Diatoms, and Pollen at Moon Lake, North Dakota

Seismic stratigraphy, sedimentary facies, pollen stratigraphy, diatom-inferred salinity, stable isotope (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C), and chemical composition (Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca) of authigenic carbonates from Moon Lake cores provide a congruent Holocene record of effective moisture for the eastern Northern Great Plains. Between 11,700 and 9500¹⁴C yr B.P., the climate was cool and moist. A gradual decrease in effective moisture occurred between 9500 and 7100¹⁴C yr B.P. A change at about 7100¹⁴C yr B.P. inaugurated the most arid period during the Holocene. Between 7100 and 4000¹⁴C yr B.P., three arid phases occurred at 6600–6200¹⁴C yr B.P., 5400–5200¹⁴C yr B.P., and 4800–4600¹⁴C yr B.P. Effective moisture generally increased after 4000¹⁴C yr B.P., but periods of low effective moisture occurred between 2900–2800¹⁴C yr B.P. and 1200–800¹⁴C yr B.P. The data also suggest high climatic variability during the last few centuries. Despite the overall congruence, the biological (diatom), sedimentological, isotopic, and chemical proxies were occassionally out of phase. At these times the evaporative process was not the only control of lake-water chemical and isotopic composition.     

城市耗水计算模型

快速城市化背景下,城市人工供水的比例迅速增加,由此产生的耗水不可忽视。传统水文模型在计算耗水时一般只考虑降水产生的蒸发,忽略人工耗用蒸发。为解析城市耗水过程,探究城市耗水机理,在观测城市耗水过程的基础上,划分城市耗水类型,建立城市耗水量计算模型。以北京市某区域为例,采用调查统计、实验监测和模型计算结合的方法,计算该区域2014年的耗水量为820.0 mm,明显高于传统水文模型的计算结果（多年平均值为494.0 mm）。分项结果显示:研究区绿地耗水贡献率为40.58%,建筑体耗水贡献率为38.70%（其中内部人工耗水为31.22%,屋顶截留雨水蒸发为7.48%）,硬化地面贡献率为18.32%,水面贡献率为2.40%。结果表明:建筑体内部耗水量不可忽视,是人工用水消耗的主要组成部分,其耗水量与建筑体层数和居民数量成正比例关系。     

中国高寒区水文学中的一些认识和参数

针对中国高寒区水文数据和参数缺乏、机理不清的现状,应用祁连山葫芦沟寒区水文小流域观测数据及相关研究成果,率定并获取了高寒区水文模拟中的几个关键参数:① 降水观测误差校正系数及公式;② 固液态降水分离的临界气温;③ 高寒灌丛降水截留参数;④ 土壤完全冻结温度;⑤ 积雪消融的临界气温。认识到若全球变暖引起植被带上移,则山区流域蒸散/降水比例增大、径流系数必然减小;现有降水数据难以满足高寒区水文模拟的需要,降水截留模拟有待改进,冰川、积雪消融缺乏高精度简单估算方法;长时间水文模拟中必须考虑风吹雪、冻土类型演替及冻结深度变化,以及冰川运动和体积变化;需加强冻结层下水、积雪升华和冰川汇流观测试验研究。